Attempts to attract more males to the teaching profession have also been suggested as a solution to the boy problem. With school teachers being almost exclusively female, the feminization of schoolingargument suggests that schools are a place where male interests are not cultivated. However, there is some evidence that home schooled children are acquiring the rules of behavior and systems of beliefs and attitudes they need. Children gain an impression of how people perceive them as the Willis (1977; see Chapter 2) argued that working-class boys resisted the values and behaviours promoted in the school environment by acting in deviant ways: by fighting and skipping class. What were the characteristics of popular students? Like the deviants (below) they had a higher likelihood of alcohol use and sexual behaviour. Customer Service Environment Group Dynamics Institutions Looking You can help your child work on course sequence provides for the study of texts at a variety of different levels of sophistication, to meet the needs of a more diverse student population in terms of student aspirations and abilities, students who aspire to post-secondary education, but not necessarily to careers related to the English language arts, may register in this course sequence. Public schools tend to focus more on the testing side of the education because that is where they obtain their funding and a child might be offered a chance to be introduced to diversity, whereas private school has more time and the means to explore socialization in many other forms like field trips and such. Alberta Education explains that this. 11. The expected behaviours at school are much different from within the family, and the structural features of day-to-day life at school are in stark contrast to what was experienced in the family home. The Manitoba Ministry of Education describes Consumer Mathematics in the following way: The Consumer Mathematics curriculum emphasizes number sense, consumer problem solving, and decision making. What problems are being identified? Streaming, seen this way, may therefore act to reproduce social inequalities by limiting post-secondary opportunities (Sweet et al. Character education is part of the official curriculum in some parts of the country. What kinds of lessons do they plan around the topic of morality? What are some examples of streaming? As noted by Raby (2005), the language of school codes of conduct suggests that young people are seen to be incomplete, at risk, and in need of guidance, a position that legitimizes school rules and their enforcement (p. 73). The first zone is called the core. This story represents school at its most frightening and disturbing. Families and schools are major contributors to socialization, but there are other systems of socialization within ecological systems theory. Socialization in the Schooling Process Sociology of Education See Box 6.3 for further discussion about zero tolerance policies in Canada. Raby (2005) and Pomerantz (2007) also suggest that dress codes are more likely to be enforced on more physically developed females or those who belong to stigmatized subgroups (e.g., Goths). Raby (2006) identifies several ways that youth express resistance to what they perceive as dominant forces of socialization. What is the Value of a Liberal Arts Degree? It is not surprising that some teachers interactions with disruptive students can be hostile and critical. The delinquent behaviours are thought to merge a complex interaction of individual personal characteristics with properties of their environment and situations. How do the Curricula of Different Provinces Compare on Controversial Subjects? This begins at birth and continues throughout life; Successful socialization enables people to fit into all kinds of social groups. Because the school is such an important agent in the socialization of children, it can also have negative impacts on children who experience negative interactions with their teachers. The ongoing process of learning the expected behaviours, values, norms, and social skills of individuals who occupy particular roles in society. In addition to features of the school and teacher characteristics, a major part of socialization at school involves students interaction with their peer group. Students in such tracks often indicate that they are bored and that they are not engaged with the course materials (Berends 1995). 2010). The development of the generalized other, where a child learns to adopt the attitudes of the wider society, occurs in secondary socialization. It has been found that peer abuse results in low self-esteem and depression (Boulton and Underwood 1993; Rigby and Slee 1995; Salmon and James 1998; Slee 1995; Smith and Myron-Wilson 1998), feelings of insecurity (Slee 1995), anxiety (Slee 1994), and social withdrawal (McCarthy 1997). What is the relationship between school rules and the socialization of students? Girls who were verbally abused by teachers during childhood were also less likely to finish high school (Brendgen et al. Internationally, girls have also been achieving higher standardized reading scores than males since the 1990s (see Box 6.5 for discussion). Canadian studies of the outcomes associated with home schooling are much less plentiful than in the United States, where the home schooling movement has been growing rapidly. Social control: Social institutions help to maintain stability and order within society. But why would home schooled children be better socialized, as many American proponents have indicated? The term streaming(also known as tracking) refers to the series of courses a student should take that best matches his or her abilities and aptitudes. WebFor example, in the United States, schools have built a sense of competition into the way grades are awarded and the way teachers evaluate students (Bowles and Gintis 1976). What are the outcomes of home schooling in terms of the socialization of children? Creating and enforcing codes of conduct can therefore be viewed as a form of socialization whose objective it is to create the desirable student. Students academic abilities are identified early in their academic career through the grades they receive. The deviants category encapsulated a very diverse collection of peer groups including burnouts, stoners, skaters, rebels, punks, partiers, and various alternative groups (including those defined by sexual orientation). But curriculum is just one aspect. Lamb, Bigler, Riben, and Green (2009) have also found that if teachers teach children to confront and challenge sexist stereotypes, the results can decrease gender stereotyping behaviour, particularly in girls. The first of these dimensions is behavioural conformity. The goal of such acts is to damage others reputations and social standings within the peer group. Martino and Kehler (2006, 2007) have argued that such demands for male teachers to fix the problem of boys underachievement is actually a subtle ploy to re-traditionalize schools using a strategy of normalizing hegemonic masculinities (discussed in Chapter 2). Students usually have little or no say in how these rules are developed and are therefore on unequal social footing in the sense that the rules are presented to them to be followed as a condition of their participation in education. WebSome kids need extra help learning and following social rules. The influence of social capital, however, does not always work in a manner than enhances academic achievement and prosocial behaviours. It should be noted that informal mechanisms of streaming, however, can also be understood as the outcomes of other schooling practices that occur at the level of the institution. Socialization: Social institutions provide the structure within which individuals learn the norms and values of society. This is particularly striking because these differences in self-concept about abilities in math and science exist in studies even when there is no difference between the grades of males and females. 8. Justifications for student dress codes often centre on arguments about maintaining a desirable school image, respect of ones self and others, and preventing distractions (Raby 2010). Peer-rejected children, however, are not only aggressive children. An analysis of the relationship between character and citizenship education revealed that the overarching message was to promote assimilation into Canadian society (Winton 2007).4. Both male and female skaters also widely rejected the values associated with the popular crowd. They were more likely to be found in social service, health, and creative occupations, and were more likely to report participating in cultural and group activities than those who were not home schooled. What is streaming? Overall, Raby and Domitrek (2007) have found that Canadian youth seemed to be generally supportive of rules they regarded as protective (rules prohibiting fighting and bringing weapons to school, for example), as long as they were presented as logical and enforced fairly in practice. The disadvantages experienced by Aboriginal children in Canadian schools may be at least partially driven by the self-fulfilling prophecy. Opponents of streaming note that those from disadvantaged and working-class backgrounds are disproportionately found in the vocational stream (Cheung 2007; Davies and Guppy 2006). Of course, popularity is a factor in social identity. Relationships with teachers are also central in the process of socialization. In early 2011, eight female students at a Catholic high school in Windsor, Ontario were suspended for one day and faced not being able to go to their prom because they wore yellow and blue duct tape tops to a school hockey game in December. Bourdieus theory of cultural capital (see Cultural Reproduction in Chapter 2) addresses this type of acculturation, stating that teachers regard certain types of outlooks and student styles as more desirable than others and for students to succeed they need to conform to the cultural practices of the dominant social and cultural class. That streaming has a positive effect on the academic attainment of high-ability groups has been documented by Ansalone (2001, 2003), although these gains are arguably at the expense of students in the lower-ability tracks (Sweet et al. 9. Subject options are often streamed into applied or academic streams. The self-fulfilling prophecyis a term coined by sociologist Robert Merton in 1948 and refers to situations in which preconceived ideas about how someone will act cause that person to act in such a way, even if the belief about that person was initially incorrect.11 Riley and Ungerleider (2008) found that pre-service Canadian teachers rated the student records of those they were led to believe were Aboriginal less favourably compared to identical student records of those identified as non-Aboriginal, suggesting that teachers do alter their perceptions of students based on fixed characteristics. The others category was a catchall for various other peer groups, such as nerds, band club, normals, loners, and the unpopular. Social experiences are required to develop communication and social skills. If students believe that their teacher has lower expectations of them, this can result in a self-fulfilling prophecy of low achievement. Critics argue, however, that further demarcating tasks as masculine and feminine continues to promote very narrow gender roles (Greig 2003). Moral education extends into areas beyond the display of particular virtues. In conclusion, the agent of socialization refers to the various social institutions, groups, and individuals that shape an individual's social identity and behavior. Fraternities and sororities are elite student clubs at North The students of the school are typically those who have had little success at other high schools and are considered at risk. The school has only three major rules: (1) attendance is mandatory, (2) outreach work is mandatory, and (3) mind-altering substances are prohibited. As Krahn and Taylor (2007) argue, students from disadvantaged backgrounds may have the ability to succeed in advanced academic courses, but an assortment of other factors may be reducing their likelihood of taking these courses. Abuse of students by teachers is a rare occurrence, but when it does happen there are children who are at a greater risk of being victimized.10 In terms of victims of verbal abuse by teachers, these children are more likely to be boys and to display at risk characteristics early on (i.e., from kindergarten), such as antisocial behaviours, and have attention problems (particularly boys). [S]tudents who aspire to careers that involve the development, production, teaching and study of more complex texts need to register in this course sequence. The table above shows the differences and similarities between the curricula of the two streams. Major agents of socialization include the family and school, but also the media, peer groups, and other major social institutions such as religion and the legal system. Arai (2000) found in a study of Canadian parents who home schooled their children that most indicated that they objected to specific parts of public education rather than the institution as a whole. Zero tolerance policies refer to specific code infractions that result in immediate punishment, usually in the form of suspension or expulsion, and sometimes involving the police. Bully victims often report experiencing headaches, extreme sadness, insomnia, stomachaches, and suicidal thoughts (Kaltiala-Heino, Rimpel, Marttunen, Rimpel, and Rantanen 1999). Personal histories of students are ignored and therefore students do not carry the stigma of past experiences with them in the school. Asked about the inappropriateness of their behaviour, one student was quoted as saying, Theyre not setting a good example if theyre going to be doing that. A major objective of socialization in the school setting is to make a child socially competent. 2010). Less overt ways of instilling values through curricular practices are also found in citizenship education, which teaches students about being good citizens. Citizenship education is present in the primary and secondary curricula of all Canadian provinces and territories (Evans 2006). What are the rationales given for dress codes and school uniforms? Standardized tests (discussed in Chapter 5) often exert considerable influence in allocating children into specific streams. Box 6.2 What Do Academic and Applied Streams Look Like? From an early age until adulthood, school is a place where children spend a large portion of their daysand, indeed, their lives. However, Brendgen, Wanner, and Vitaro (2006) found that teacher verbal abuse actually contributed to future adolescent delinquent behaviour in their 17-year cohort study in Quebec, which tracked children from kindergarten to age 23. Children that act in an aggressive or disruptive manner account for about one-third of children rejected by their peers (Crick and Dodge 1996). A teacher, for example, is largely in charge of the student, but the relationship that a child has with a teacher is far less intimate than the relationship a child shares with his or her parents; A student must also adapt to spending a significant amount of time in large groups; A child must learn to be independent to achieve the academic goals of school; A child must also learn to form bonds and develop social bonds with other children in school; and. In this chapter, however, the main focus is on how schools contribute to the socialization of children. Individual subjects in school also have a tendency to be sex-stereotyped. The previous chapter discussed curriculum and how the content of schooling is closely associated with the social construction of what various groups (teachers, school administrators, parents) think children should be taught. 4. What kinds of resources are available on their websites? The outer ring consists of implicit moral instruction, where students are provided with moral exemplars in more sophisticated ways, such as through the curriculum of history and literature. Instead of passive citizens who are expected to follow rules handed down from positions of authority, students in these alternative schools are active citizens who participate in the democracy of the school structure. Skelton (2001) has noted, however, that the predominance of female teachers is not a new thing but has been the status quo since the nineteenth century. Recall from Chapter 2 that Boudon discussed how secondary effectslike the aforementioned characteristicscan impact on educational attainment because they influence the types of educational choices made by a student and his or her family. Many of these features of the core can be understood as not only socializing children into being students, but also preparing them for life as adults within bureaucracies.
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