Mitchell is originally from Wales and lives in Yokohama. All told, Okinawa was the bloodiest operation of the Pacific War. Dr. Erika Lee, Ph.D., professor and director of the Immigration History Research Center at the University of Minnesota. Heres Why. [37], Several hundred distinct languages are spoken in the Pacific Islands. In his interview, he was unperturbed by the surveillance. Codenamed Operation Iceberg, the fighting took place between the US military and the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA). So documents are vital., For that reason, he has donated most of his FOIA material for permanent display at universities and study centers in Okinawa, Hawaii, and Washington, D.C. To criticize the military is one of the last remaining taboos of the American mass media, he says. University of Virginia. [2], The umbrella terms Pacific Islands and Pacific Islanders may also take on several other meanings. They suffered in the past and will inevitably suffer in the future., Mitchells recent book Poisoning the Pacific: The US Militarys Secret Dumping of Plutonium, Chemical Weapons, and Agent Orange, explores this largely unknown legacy. The chemical weapons were part of an operation called DOD Project 112 (Red Hat) in which Heathcote was involved. } freestar.config.enabled_slots.push({ Corrections? [51] Those with a Samoan background make up the largest proportion, followed by Cook Islands Mori, Tongan, and Niuean. White savior narratives are storylines in which white characters save communities of color from a myriad of social ills and fantastical enemies such as poverty, racism, armies and monsters. tn_pos: 'rectangle_1', When talking about the Japanese American experience during World War II, why do some use "concentration camp instead of internment camp? In Okinawa, the US Military Seeks a Base Built on the Bones of the War Dead Getting to the truth is the critical first step in our fight.. If the immigrant is "legal," then the immigrant at least has the hope of being welcomed at her or his destination, or at least accepted. New Caledonia (and Vanuatu to a lesser extent) were under French colonial influence from the 19th century onward. [12] Oceanic islands beyond that which neighbor Central America and South America (Galpagos, Revillagigedo, Juan Fernndez Islands etc.) [19] Like with the Spanish-speaking islanders in the southeastern Pacific, they would not normally be considered Pacific Islanders under a ethnically-based definition. Rohin Guha, executive editor of The Aerogram. are okinawans pacific islanders. (November 30, 2021) - The Office of Management and Budget's Directive 15 on race and ethnic standards for federal statistics and administrative reporting defines Pacific Islanders as persons having origins in any of the original peoples of the Pacific Islands. [15][16] The 1996 book Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas notes that Spanish was once commonly spoken in the Pacific on the colonial-era Philippines, further stating, "at the present time, the Spanish language is not widely used in the South Pacific, being unknown outside of a handful of places. 2000. Polynesians make up the largest group, including Native Hawaiians, Samoans, Tahitians, and Tongans. Jon Mitchell, the investigative reporter for the Okinawa Times who interviewed Heathcote and Mohler, has spent years documenting the Pentagons brazen use of the Pacific as a testing site and dumping ground for dangerous weapons. The American contingency included 1,321 ships and more than 183,000 troops. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Okinawa Island was the site of one of the bloodiest campaigns in the Pacific theatre during World War II. Hatenohama Beach Address: Kumejima, Shimajiri District, Okinawa Prefecture Price: from 33.50 USD for half-day tour; from 52.64 USD for full-day tour. "[16] Debate exists over whether or not the Philippines should be categorized with Pacific Islands of shared Austronesian origin or with the mainland nations of Asia. What is yellowface and whitewashing? freestar.config.enabled_slots.push({ These maps reveal the migration history of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders both into the United States and from state to state within US borders. Additionally, the success stories of selected Asian groups are often not a result of individual efforts rewarded by a fair system, but rather a "success" of the American immigration policies that have targeted highly skilled professionals since the 1960s. [47] Aside from Papua New Guinea, the scheme includes one country each from Melanesia (Vanuatu), Polynesia (Tonga), and Micronesia (Kiribati)countries that already send workers to New Zealand under its seasonal labour scheme. magazine_button_url_384157 = 'https://www.thenation.com/email-signup-module-donate/'; February 15, 2021 I have always interpreted the term "desi" to describe people who hail from South Asian countries a cluster that includes India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, the Maldives, Bhutan, Nepal and Afghanistan. tn_ptype: 'article', The term has since been critiqued by scholars who argue that the term does not reflect the experience of Pacific Islanders who have and continue to experience a unique set of struggles relating to sovereignty and decolonization, and do not fit into the model minority stereotype which paints Asian Americans as successful, assimilated into American mainstream, and with good cultural values. Reel Inequality: Hollywood Actors and Racism, Hawaiian language finds new prominence in Hawaii's courts decades after near disappearance, 1966 New York Times Magazine article, "Success Story: Japanese American Style,", Asian Americans now most economically divided group in U.S., report finds, The Marginalized Model Minority: An Empirical Examination of the Racial Triangulation of Asian Americans. The rest of Polynesia includes the Samoan islands (American Samoa and Samoa [formerly Western Samoa]); Cook Islands; French Polynesia (the Society Islands [Tahiti], Marquesas Islands, Austral Islands, and Tuamotu); Niue Island; Tokelau and Tuvalu; Tonga; Wallis and Futuna; Rotuma Island; Pitcairn Island; Nukuoro; and Kapingamarangi. Further afield, in western Polynesia, Australia provides economic and technical aid in Tonga and Western Samoa. [30] Up until 2021, its member nations and associate members were American Samoa, Australia, Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu and Wallis and Futuna. In Hawaii there are other kinds of hapa people. While the basic language of SOFA has not changed since its inception, it said both the US and Japanese governments agree that the agreement works well to serve the interests of the two countries. In the end, it concluded, the Commander of US Forces Japan is designated as the DoD Lead Environmental Component for Japan, and therefore will ensure US military operations are carried out in a responsible manner that will protect the environment now and for future generations., Statements like that, along with the lack of US press coverage, reflect the disdain on the part of the American elite towards Okinawa, Mitchell said. Polynesians include the New Zealand Mori (New Zealand), Native Hawaiians (Hawaii), Rapa Nui (Easter Island), Samoans (Samoa and American Samoa), Tahitians (Tahiti), Tokelauans (Tokelau), Niueans (Niue), Cook Islands Mori (Cook Islands) and Tongans (Tonga). What are the countries and cultures that the Census Bureau includes in the definition of Asian American and Pacific Islander? They show my work is reaching the attention of the US authorities. He was particularly pleased that the CIA had translated a Japanese TV report about his investigations into Agent Orange on Okinawa. It h0uses 70 percent of the total number of US bases in Japan, where 50,000 American soldiers make up the Pentagons largest overseas contingent. You may unsubscribe or adjust your preferences at any time. In April 1945 U.S. troops made an amphibious landing on Okinawa, which was heavily defended by the Japanese. Today, Okinawa prefecture is the reluctant host to 31 U.S. military bases, which occupy approximately 15 percent of the main island. The Americans landed on the island on April 1, 1945, in what was the largest amphibious invasion in the Pacific during the Second World War. Though a quarter of a century has passed since the agreement to shutter the base, the paper remarked, the severity of the situation only continues to increase.. Pacific Biosciences Research Center Phone: 956-6739 kykanesh@hawaii.edu. Spanish is spoken by a resident population only on the Ecuadorian Galpagos Islands, the Chilean possessions of Rapa Nui (Easter Island), Juan Fernndez Islands and a few other tiny islands. There is no specific coding therefore for "Pacific islander". This label also has a long and racist history. In order to comment, you must be logged in as a paid subscriber. Before 1955, most Japanese treated U.S.-occupied Okinawa as a "forgotten island," as Times Magazine reporter Frank Gibney initially phrased it in 1949.16 Indeed, Japanese Diet approval of the U.S. jurisdictional separation of the Ryukyus from Japan without the islanders' consent implicitly assumed and affirmed a separate identity. [50], In the 2013 New Zealand census, 7.4% of the New Zealand population identified with one or more Pacific ethnic groups, although 62.3% of these were born in New Zealand. Australia's Indigenous population are loosely related to Melanesians and the United States Census categorize them under the Pacific Islander American umbrella. Much of Fiji's tourist trade comes from 'down under'. Protesters hold placards as they stage a sit-in to block construction vehicles working on the expansion of Camp Schwab, a United States military base, on May 31, 2018, in Nago, Okinawa prefecture, Japan. Lecturer Music Phone: 956-8833 nkaneshi@hawaii.edu. Before Asian Americans starting calling themselves "Asian Americans," others used the demeaning term "Oriental.". [37], The majority of island groups are most closely aligned to New Zealand/Australia, with others being politically aligned to France or the United States. [7] In other uses, it may refer to areas with Austronesian linguistic heritage like Taiwan, Indonesia, Micronesia, Polynesia and the Myanmar islands, which found their genesis in the Neolithic cultures of the island of Taiwan. VIDEO: People in Denmark Are a Lot Happier Than People in the United States. HD Stock Footage CriticalPast 308K subscribers Subscribe 101K views 8 years ago CriticalPast is an archive of. Defining Diaspora is a series of workshops and programs that allows participants to increase understanding of and connection to the diaspora that makes up Asian, Pacific Islander, and Desi communities. This month, the Ryukyu Shinpo reported, a fleet of FA-18 combat jets held day and night trainings at the contested base. Biba Guhan!: How Guams Indigenous Activists Are Confronting Military Colonialism Filters allow you to separately track the migrations of people from many nations. The U.S. Census Bureau must adhere to the 1997 Office of Management and Budget standards on race and ethnicity which guide the Census Bureau in classifying written responses to the race question. During the age of European exploration and colonization, the diverse regions of Asia, including southwest Asia, were lumped together as the "Orient," an exotic place that was seen as Europes opposite. [31] The nations of the Malay Archipelago have their own regional governing organization called ASEAN, which includes mainland Southeast Asian nations such as Vietnam and Thailand. You can read our Privacy Policy here. Army Lt. Gen. James Lampert, the last U.S. high commissioner in Okinawa, is presented with the flag of the high commissioner of the Ryukyu Islands, a post he held since 1969, just before boarding . (Carl Court / Getty Images). Were we Marines used as guinea pigs on Okinawa? he asked the same reporter. In the resulting three-month-long campaign, U.S. forces sustained about 12,000 dead and 36,000 wounded before they were able to establish complete control of the island. Area prefecture, 877 square miles (2,271 square km). The island of Okinawa. [1] As an ethnic/racial term, it is used to describe the original peoplesinhabitants and diasporas[1]of any of the three major subregions of Oceania (Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia). [33], Australia and New Zealand have been described as both continental landmasses and as Pacific Islands. The Philippines according to him are at a "cross-roads of the Pacific a racial and geographic link connecting Oceania, Southeast Asia and Indonesia. Historically the rule of the Ryukyu Kingdom, centered on Okinawa Island, consolidated the Okinawa Islands before spreading south to the Miyako and Yaeyama Islands and north to Amami shima. Refers to a person who is of Polynesian descent. Micronesians make up the second largest, including primarily Chamoru from Guam; as well as other Chamoru, Carolinian from the Northern Mariana Islands, Marshallese, Palauans, and various others. var magazine_button_url_384157 = ''; In so doing, it is a. tn_loc:'atf' Although Japan surrendered on Aug. 14, 1945, the Japanese on Okinawa did not officially surrender until Sept. 2, 1945. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The art of traditional weaving is among the most important. T ruthout. targeting:{ During the 1960s, he said, the water near Kadena was so contaminated that it literally could be set on fire. In his book, he documents 650 environmental incidents between 1998 and 2016 at Kadena, largely caused by leaks of fuel and firefighting foam. Increasingly, many Native Hawaiian people object not only to the way the word has been changed in its grammatical usage, but also to how it is applied to anyone of mixed Asian and/or Pacific Islander heritage, when it implies Native Hawaiian mixed heritage. Will there be a 'Crazy Rich Asians' effect at Sundance? August 6, 2019. These incidents have ranged from small fuel leaks of only several liters that stayed on the base to large spills discharging tens of thousands of liters of fuel and raw sewage into local rivers, he writes. SHARE. tn_subject: ['activism', 'arms-spend', 'asia', 'environmen', 'environmen', 'foreign-po', 'internatio', 'journalist', 'national-s', 'nuclear-ar', 'radioactiv', 'us-wars-an', 'war-and-pe', 'world'], Remembering Executive Order 9066, the 'single act' that began WWII incarceration, Pulitzer Winner Viet Thanh Nguyen on the U.S., Vietnam, and why history can't be erased, The Displaced: Refugee Writers on Refugee Lives. The GOJ [Government of Japan] has never indicated to the U.S. in any bilateral forum that the Okinawan environment has been decimated. The American response to environmental spills is some of the most aggressive in the world, the PA officer added. How is the term refugee different from immigrant? Studies in history, sociology and psychology have provided strong evidence that almost all segments of the Asian American population, including rst and later generations, youth and elderly, English and native-language only speakers and across most ethnic groups, suffer from this stereotypical image. This also means developing more Asian American stories and not just slotting Asian Americans into white-centered narratives. An immigrant chooses to leave and chooses where he or she will go. Progressives Slam Bidens Foreign Policy Team At dawn on Easter, April 1, 1945, a fleet of 1,300 U.S.. magazine_button_bg_color_384157 = '#ffcf0d'; placementName: "thenation_right_rail", Biden Signals Flexibility on North Korea, but Peace Groups Are Wary A monthly newsletter on the global fight for reproductive freedom. Taking Okinawa would provide Allied forces an airbase from which bombers could strike Japan and an advanced anchorage for Allied fleets. At a time when think tanks are pressing for increased US military presence in the Pacific, his stories of the damage inflicted on Pacific islanders and US veterans should be required reading for every foreign policy wonk in Washington, D.C. For decades, US military operations have been contaminating the Pacific region with toxic substances, including plutonium, dioxin, and VX nerve agent, Mitchell explains in his introduction. TOKYO (AP) Okinawa on Sunday marks the 50th anniversary of its return to Japan on May 15, 1972, which ended 27 years of U.S. rule after one of the bloodiest battles of World War II was fought on the southern Japanese island. [39][41], The Polynesian islands are scattered across a triangle covering the east-central region of the Pacific Ocean. [2], The Okinawa Islands, apart from the main island, contain three smaller island groups: the Kerama, Yokatsu and Iheya-Izena island groups. NBC News asked academics and experts about why certain words and phrases are (or aren't) used to describe Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. ", "The Genetic Structure of Pacific Islanders", "Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901 (Cth)", Australia's Pacific Seasonal Worker Pilot Scheme: Managing vulnerabilities to exploitation, "Pacific guestworker scheme to start this year", "Seasonal Worker Pilot Scheme is more proof of Australia's new Pacific focus", "Australian Standard Classification of Cultural and Ethnic Groups (ASCCEG) - 2nd edition", "Polyfest NCEA credits / Pasifika Education Plan / Home - Pasifika", "Thousands turn out for Pasifika Festival", "Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders a FAQ", Native Hawaiian Pacific Islander Association, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Islander&oldid=1142360971. [38] The remote island is still sometimes considered to be in Melanesia, as it is close to the region, and has archeological evidence of prehistoric inhabitation. Yellowface is the term used to describe non-Asian actors (typically white) putting on makeup, including prosthetics, to look like a stereotyped version of an Asian person. The name means "rope in the open sea" because Okinawa is plopped in the middle of the oceans, with the Pacific to the . You can read our Privacy Policy here. 2003. He notes that the terms are sometimes taken to include Australia, New Zealand and the non-oceanic Papua New Guinea, however he does not consider them to encompass the Japanese archipelago, the Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, Russia's Kuril Islands and Sakhalin Island or countries associated with Maritime Southeast Asia. Okinawa is in many ways a paradigm of the Pacific island experience: once a kingdom whose dynamic trade relations throughout East and Southeast Asia helped connect an isolated Japan to the outside world, then a colony that epitomized Japan's efforts to reshape Asia, then the final, bloody battleground of the Pacific War, and now a Japanese Answer (1 of 6): I've lived in Okinawa for about a year and a half, and they are overall, very kind and laid back, much more at ease than the Japanese on the mainland. During the Cold War and after, domestic politics on the island has repeatedly focused on the desire of Okinawa's residents to reduce or . Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (AAPIs) are among the fastest growing populations in the state and nation. The problem is particularly acute at the US Marine Corps Air Station at Futenma, which the United States promised to close in 1996 after massive protests from Okinawan citizens. The Battle of Okinawa was the last major battle of World War II, and one of the bloodiest. In 1962, US commanders ordered a Marine named Don Heathcote to spray chemicals in the Okinawan jungle near his base as part of a series of biological warfare tests secretly carried out by the Pentagon during the Cold War. The Okinawa Times. Unfortunately, this has historically meant that white actors can play any role, including characters of color. Several of the island groups have since developed financially crucial political alignments with the United States. I really hope my book helps people understand how badly the island has been contaminated, especially because so many American veterans are sick. Through his research, he has documented claims from more than 250 veterans that Agent Orange was stored on Okinawa during the 1960s and 70s. This observance runs through the month of May and celebrates the service and sacrifices of Asian/Pacific Islanders throughou . On Wednesday, a small group of activists announced they would study whether Okinawa could split from Japan and become an independent state, which was reported by island and national media.. As Mitchell recounts, the US military did not make the Chibana accident public. Films such as "The Last Samurai" starring Tom Cruise and "The Great Wall" starring Matt Damon are some examples of white savior narratives. For me, such tactics are a sign of success, he told me. [1] The prefectural capital of Naha is within the island group. Most Pacific insular possessions of Latin American nations are either unpopulated or used as military outposts, staffed by natives of the mainland. The problem, he contends, is the US-Japan Status of Forces Agreement signed in 1960. Thousands of Native Hawaiians have gathered on Hawaii Island to prevent construction of the $1.4 billion Thirty Meter Telescope on the top of Mauna Kea which, for them, is sacred ground. The term "concentration camp" was the term used by the U.S. government to describe the intended purpose of containing Japanese Americans. The island itself has 2 main towns, one where most of the locals dwell near the port and the other catered to visitors, where most hotels, shops, restaurants and other attractions are located. It was full of fabulous riches, but also savage heathens and backward civilizations. Technically, the Philippines is an island that is surrounded by many Asian countries." -Amber Lim, communication disorders major "I think on paper it's easier to identify as Asian versus Pacific Islander. The name derives the Greek words melas ('black') and nsos ('island') for the predominantly dark-skinned peoples of New Guinea island, the Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu (formerly New Hebrides), New Caledonia, and Fiji.[37]. Wherever the United States military goes, it contaminates and damages the environment and human health, he told me. Thanks to this agreement, the American military does not need to clean up contaminated land, he said. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. }); His book also describes years of high-decibel noise pollution from the American jets flying near residential areas in Okinawa. But, as in World War II, the fighting will also envelop any islands housing the air and naval bases of either side, such as China's installations on islands in the South China Sea and U.S. bases in Japan, Okinawa and the Philippines. Regarding Australia, he further wrote, "Australia plays a leading economic role in the south-west Pacific area commonly known as Melanesia. The plans, which also draw on $4.6 billion appropriated by Congress for its Pacific Deterrence Initiative, include a precision strike missile network on the "island chain" running from. The island quickly became a massive American base, the intended staging ground for the coming invasion of the Japan home. Washington D.C., October 16, 2018 - Recent news reports out of Okinawa underscore the extent to which the long-standing U.S. military presence on the island is a perennial source of political friction that complicates the U.S.-Japanese military alliance. In 1972 the United States returned Okinawa Island to Japan, although the extensive U.S. military installations there remained operative. The thriving little republic of Nauru was administered by Australia before its recent independence. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. 2020 November 17. This is a question of power. [52], To celebrate the diverse Pacific island cultures, the Auckland Region hosts several Pacific island festivals. Invading Okinawa. In ethnolinguistic terms, the Pacific islanders of Oceania are divided into two different ethnic classifications:[37], In Australia, the term South Sea Islander was used to describe Australian descendants of people from the over-80 islands in the western Pacific who had been brought to Australia to work on the sugar fields of Queenslandthese people were called Kanakas in the 19th century.[44]. Okinawa, Japan's poorest prefecture, previously had the highest longevity indices in the country. Okinawa saw 82 days of brutal warfare in horrific conditions at places like Kakazu . }else{ The "Chinaman" became a stock character in popular culture and public discourse. var magazine_button_bg_color_384157 = ''; The first landings at Okinawa were on the outlying Kerama Islands on March 26, 1945 the last day of the Battle of Iwo Jima. tn_author: ['tim-s'], [20][21] In the case of Howland Island, there may have even been a brief attempt at settlement. For an optimal experience visit our site on another browser. [8] In an often geopolitical context, the term has been extended even further to include the large South Pacific landmass of Australia. Since WWII, Okinawa-hont, the region's biggest island, has been appropriated by the US military for several key installations in the Pacific. West, F. James, and Sophie Foster. As more people in Tokyo and elsewhere were beginning to hole up at home during the coronavirus pandemic, others were venturing out to visit islands in . The distinction is not trivial. According to the Census Bureau's Population Estimates Program (PEP), a "Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander" is, A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific islands. Details as to civilian casualties are virtually unknown, but Okinawan authorities and the U.S. military estimate 100,000-150,000 Okinawans perished. }. Is there a better term we should be using? Okinawa is a Blue Zone: one of the five parts of the world where people are living longer. magazine_button_text_384157 = ''; They came from Southern China and Taiwan. Geospatial and Statistical Data Center. if( magazine_button_text_384157 !='' ){ [39] Hawaii is geographically isolated from Polynesia, and is situated in the North Pacific, unlike the rest of Polynesia, which is in the South Pacific. Through his tenacious reporting, Mitchell has uncovered story after story about the use and misuse of WMDs on the island prefecture, which was occupied by the US military after the bloody battle for Okinawa in 1945 and handed back to Japan in 1972. The island is currently administered by Australia, and Its residents are primarily European Australians who originated from the mainland, with a small number also being Asian Australians. If Wales were the 51st state, not everyone living in Wales would be Welsh. August 30, 2007. To have this symbolic word used by Asians, particularly by Japanese Americans, as though it is their own, seems to symbolically mirror the way Native Hawaiian land was first taken by European Americans, and is now owned by European Americans, Japanese and Japanese Americans and other Asian American ethnic groups that numerically and economically dominate Native Hawaiians in their own land. For all peoples indigenous to Oceania, see. Offshore wells yield petroleum. Tim ShorrockTwitterTim Shorrock, who has been reporting on Korea for The Nation since 1983, is a Washington, D.C.based journalist and the author of Spies for Hire: The Secret World of Intelligence Outsourcing. [42][9], The population of the Pacific Islands is concentrated in Papua New Guinea, New Zealand (which has a majority of people of European descent), Hawaii, Fiji, and Solomon Islands. The US military presence on Okinawa is an environmental justice problem; thats what the American people must understand, Mitchell told me in clipped but angry tones. The dangerous lurch toward military confrontation in Asia underscores Mitchells concerns. Based on hundreds of declassified US documents obtained under the Freedom of Information Act and interviews with US veterans and whistleblowers, it documents the Pentagons use, testing, and storage of chemical, nuclear, and other weapons of mass destruction (WMD) in the Pacific and the disastrous impact of its flawed handling and storage of such weapons. That really terrified Okinawans, he said. Okinawa is located just 350 miles (563 km) south of Kyushu, and its capture was regarded as a vital precursor to a ground invasion of the Japanese home islands. Recent research, however, has been critical of such "acclaims" of Asian Americans as the model minority, contending that the socioeconomic success of Asian Americans has been exaggerated. We do know that more American and Japanese servicemen (including Okinawan conscripts) were killed on Okinawa than any other Pacific island. In 1968, the term "Asian American" was coined by Yuji Ichioka and Emma Gee and other student activists as a strategic, unifying political identity for Asian ethnic groups to use as they resisted U.S. imperialism in Southeast Asia, and white Americans' use of "Oriental" as a derogatory term for Asians in the United States.
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