While COVID-19 vaccine-related metallic taste is short-lived and likely does not need treatment, there are recommended treatments for a metallic taste due to other causes. Pfizer begins their Covid vaccine trial in children under 12, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's website, Chalk or cheese? Every effort should be made to complete the five-day course of treatment in order to avoid serious complications from COVID. One potential side effect of Paxlovid is dysgeusia. The drug has been shown to cut the risk of hospitalization or death in high-risk people by nearly 90% if it's taken within the first few days of infectionsaid Pfizer in 2021but those benefits may come with a bad taste many are dubbing "Paxlovid mouth.". Dave Bischel, 52, of Sacramento, California, said he tasted something that reminded him of nickels after both of his Pfizer shots. Both were caught off guard by a little-known side effect: a really unpleasant taste. According to the medicines watchdog 143 Brits died shortly after having their Covid jab. Interestingly, parosmia can be a sign of a recovering sense of smell, Schamess said. Some people describe ammonia breath as having a metallic taste, while others have reported that it smells similar to urine. I would also like to sign up for a free GoodRx account, Written by Jennifer Gershman, PharmD, CPh, PACS, Written by Nicole E. Cieri-Hutcherson, PharmD, BCPS, NCMP. Smell disorders can last for weeks or months, but smell perception eventually returns to normal for most people who had COVID-19. It . "This is a new medication and we don't know for sure, but it's not suspected that the taste should stay too long," he said. As a result, it can taste bitter when you take it. 2020; doi:10.1136/bmjophth-2020-000632. Omicron infection: What are the symptoms. In most cases, a salty taste in your mouth isn't a medical emergency but it is a sign that you shouldn't ignore. Here's How to Really Know What's Making You Sick, What To Know About Flu TestsWhen You Need One, and What To Do if You Test Positive, Pfizer announces additional phase 2/3 study results confirming robust efficacy of novel COVID-19 oral antiviral treatment candidate in reducing risk of hospitalization or death, Pfizer shares top-line results from phase 2/3 EPIC-PEP study of Paxlovid for post-exposure prophylactic use, Coronavirus (COVID-19) update: FDA authorizes first oral antiviral for treatment of COVID-19. The most common skin changes linked with mild to severe COVID-19 include a flat rash covered with small bumps, discolored areas on the fingers and toes (COVID toes), and hives. In my situation, it was a magical experience!" 10 / 10 . Despite the bad taste, Sue said that she never considered stopping Paxlovid. TSA-Friendly Sex Toys To Take With You On Spring Break, A Rare Venus-Jupiter Conjunction Is Coming, Surprise! Welders are at high risk of a condition called metal fume fever. 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved, Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. But . Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. Vitamin A nasal sprays helped . As smell receptors in the nose come back online, recovery of individual receptor types is uneven. Learn more about antiviral substances, including what products have antiviral, Researchers worldwide are working to develop treatments for COVID-19, the disease that the novel coronavirus causes. Whenever youre taking an antiviral or an antibacterial medication, I would recommend taking a probiotic as well.. Accessed March 16, 2021. According to Shankaran, there are also other drugs that are known to come with a bad taste, like the antibiotics metronidazole and clarithromycin. But some people have claimed that they have been left with a metal taste in their mouth after receiving their jabs. Paxlovid diminishes the severity of COVID-19 when taken shortly after infection, reducing the risk of hospitalization and death. Hello, I had a very mild case of COVID back in early October. A common side effect is a bad taste in the mouth, referred to as "Paxlovid mouth." Learn how to get rid of it here. When the damage occurs in the parts of the brain that are necessary for smell, it results in absence or distortion of the sense of smell.. Then a couple of weeks ago just after the new year when eating a mint I noticed a very odd chemical taste. He has also been a news editor for America Online and has contributed to the Associated Press and The Washington Post. You can unsubscribe at any time. There's no way of knowing when a person's sense of smell will return to normal, but smell . Signs and symptoms (child). 2020; doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0916-2. At least three people aged 35, 45 and 58 in different countries have developed clinical parkinsonism, or Parkinsons disease-like symptoms, within two to five weeks after contracting the coronavirus. After having coronavirus (COVID-19), you may still have a loss of, or change in, sense of smell or taste. A rapid test showed that they were COVID-positive. If you are having difficulty accessing this website, please call or email us at (855) 268-2822 or ada@goodrx.com so that we can provide you with the services you require through alternative means. COVID-19: Who's at higher risk of serious symptoms? Dysgeusia is sometimes accompanied by Burning Mouth Syndrome, which is characterized by a painful burning sensation in your mouth. While its different from parosmia, the two are related. Seasonal allergies can also contribute to impaired smell and taste. None of the patients had a family history of the disease, so the American researchers said the virus could have accelerated the neurodegenerative process around a critical timepoint in these individuals who may have been destined to develop Parkinsons. The taste in the mouth will fade but give it some time. Shivanjali Shankaran, MD, assistant professor in the Division of Infectious Diseases at Rush Medical College in Chicago, told Verywell that the alteration or impairment of the sense of taste is called dysgeusia. Dehydration. Recently, some people have reported developing a metallic taste in their mouths after receiving the COVID-19 vaccine. What is the latest research on the form of cancer Jimmy Carter has? It's almost always accompanied by other symptoms such as a loss of smell, a cough, a headache, or a sore throat. The drug has been very effective at decreasing the severity of a COVID infection. However, its not the only smell dysfunction that people might experience. And ritonavir a drug originally approved by the FDA for the treatment of HIV infection in adults and children slows down the bodys breaking down of nirmatrelvir, allowing it to stay in the body longer. Nitin Desai, MD, CEO and chief medical officer of COVID PreCheck, told POPSUGAR that he had "a funny metallic taste" in his mouth after getting his second dose of the Pfizer vaccine. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), Fever treatment: Quick guide to treating a fever, Fight coronavirus (COVID-19) transmission at home. The experience is "like having nickels in your mouth," said John Howard, 45, of Columbia, South Carolina. These additions confirmed widespread speculation that anosmia, or loss of smell, was among the symptoms of COVID-19, which include cough, shortness of breath, fever, chills, muscle pain, headache, sore throat and repeated shaking with chills. There is a risk that the media attention is leading patients with post-viral anosmia caused by unrelated viral infections, known to peak in February and March, to wrongly attribute their anosmia to the COVID-19 pandemic, says ENT U.K., a professional organization dedicated to ear, nose and throat surgery which brought international attention to the prevalence of anosmia in coronavirus patients. The good news is parosmia improves with time in most cases. Pardhan S, et al. However, swollen, discolored fingers or toes could also be chilblains, an inflammatory skin condition. Go to theCDC websitefor the latest information on symptoms, prevention, and other resources. Swelling or discoloration can develop on one or several toes or fingers. There are many medications which have adverse interactions with Paxlovid. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. Alex Turner-Cohen Mayo Clinic Minute: You're washing your hands all wrong. The skin is potentially a visible window into inflammation that could be going on in the body, research senior author Dr. Esther Freeman, director of Global Health Dermatology at MGH, said in a news release. This could be especially true with Paxlovid, since one of the medications, ritonavir, helps slow the breakdown of the other (nirmatrelvir), so it can stay in the body for longer periods of time at higher concentrations. By affecting the accuracy of the olfactory system, its changing the brains interpretation of what something tastes like, Dr. Michael Rothschild, an ENT specialist with Mount Sinais Icahn School of Medicine, told NBC New York. It helps protect us from danger, including smoke from a fire and spoiled food. Mayo Clinic does not endorse any of the third party products and services advertised. Keep in mind every body is different when healing. This information is for informational purposes only and is not meant to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Dysgeusia, or distorted taste, "is a condition in which a foul, salty, rancid, or metallic taste sensation persists in the mouth," according to the National Institute of Health. . COVID-19 can cause taste changes that last longer. Dysgeusia. Verywell Health's content is for informational and educational purposes only. It's possible, she said, that those odd tastes could be the result a SARS-CoV-2 infection that occurred just before receiving the vaccination, or before the body has had enough time to build protective antibodies from the shots. Anything that has an odor has a unique chemical signature that a person perceives as a smell.. After a few weeks it started to come back and all seemed fine. Odd tastes, particularly metallic ones, are somewhat common symptoms of different conditions such as gum disease, medicines, cancer treatments, pregnancy, indigestion and sinus infections. If you feel the need to try to mask the taste, Dr. Mehdizadeh said saltwater gurgles or lozenges may be able to help. Nature Medicine. Real-time tracking of self-reported symptoms to predict potential COVID-19. COVID-19. Having a distorted sense of smell can affect ones daily function, so many try to get their sense of smell back to normal through a relatively simple and cheap method called smell training. And heres why, gum disease, medicines, cancer treatments, pregnancy, What to do if your COVID test expires or if you test positive? Burning mouth syndrome. For the most recent updates on COVID-19, visit our coronavirus news page. Researchers have known for over 20 years that ritonavir causes a bitter or metallic taste. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's website notes that "these side effects are normal signs that your body is building protection and should go away within a few days.". All rights reserved. McGill University. No one seems to have a solution other than essential oils smell testing. His symptoms were mild, a sore throat and a cough. For some people, the condition lasts much longer than that. COVID-19 can damage olfactory receptors in the nose or the parts of the brain necessary for smelling. This data adds to our knowledge about the long-term effects of COVID-19 in different organ systems. 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved, Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Powered by. If your job puts you in the path of metal fumes like zinc oxide, it might mess with your sense of taste. Please seek medical advice before starting, changing or terminating any medical treatment. Allscripts EPSi. Dr. Cutler stressed the decision to initiate Paxlovid therapy is complex, and a person must consider all the potential benefits, risks, and options before deciding on the best course of action. For COVID-19 "After my first dose of Paxlovid, my flu-like aches were gone. Mao L, et al. Coming down with COVID-19 can mess with your sense of taste, but some people are also finding that a specific COVID treatment is leaving a bad taste in their mouthsliterally. To smell properly, an individual has to be able to perceive the smell through the chemical receptors in their nose. And there is the issue of COVID rebound after Paxlovid treatment where the infection initially resolves and then reappears a week or so later, he detailed. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Symptoms of COVID-19. However, for people who lost their sense of smell in relation to COVID-19, parosmia may be a sign of gradual recovery. Both Sue and Rob said that taking Paxlovid left them with a strong, metallic taste within a few hours of their first doses. 7,8 Warning patients in advance about medications likely to cause dysgeusia is helpful, as is assuring patients using certain agents for short-term treatment . COVID-19 has been declared a global pandemic. These individuals describe a condition called parosmia where odors become distorted. GoodRx provides no warranty for any information. COVID toes, rashes: How the coronavirus can affect your skin. Can poor sleep impact your weight loss goals? No Im not taking any not even iron medicine Im suppose to be taking because I came severely anemic. She is the former managing editor of Drug Topics magazine. CNS Disorders. Suck sweets and mints to help refresh your mouth before and after eating. While rare, it has been reported as a benign side effect that goes away on its own within a day or two. COVID-19 Symptoms: Metallic Taste Has Been a Sign of Coronavirus for Some, Copyright 2023 Heavy, Inc. All rights reserved. Buddy Creech, an infectious disease expert and the director of the Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program at the Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Those who are at low risk of complications probably have little to lose by stopping early, because they had little chance of hospitalization or death to begin with, he said. 'Centaurus' subvariant of Omicron: What do we know? Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Pfizer shares top-line results from phase 2/3 EPIC-PEP study of Paxlovid for post-exposure prophylactic use. According to recent accounts in media reports and on social media, this side effect leaves patients with an extremely bad taste in their mouths while taking the drug. Instead, Shankaran suggests having foods or drinks that coat your mouth, like chocolate milk, chocolate pudding, or peanut butter. To avoid any dangers, monitor food expiration dates and ensure that smoke and natural gas detectors are functioning properly. My sense of taste was not affected. 2020; doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.112. To support our commitment to public service journalism: Subscribe Now. But one possible red flag we've been hearing a lot about lately is missing from the catalog: a strange metallic taste in the mouth. Can diet help improve depression symptoms? "Typically, metal mouth resolves itself once the underlying cause has been treated, but a COVID-19 induced metallic taste in the mouth could stick around for weeks or even months after your . For most people, each dose consists of two 150-mg tablets of nirmatrelvir and one 100-mg tablet of ritonavir. Begin Exploring Women's Health Solutions at Mayo Clinic Store. Others also chimed in to call the taste of Paxlovid mouth "gross" or to ask for food suggestions that would cover up the "horrible bitter metallic" flavor. 12 /12. Doesn't work. Those that developed this side effect said it lasted anywhere from a few hours to a couple of days. Some molecules simply stick to our taste buds better than others, even when you try to wash them off by rinsing your mouth or brushing your teeth. Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below. Soon enough, they both experienced Paxlovid mouth.. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Dr. Kellman said he always recommends people taking Paxlovid take zinc as well. There are many different medications, including antibiotics, and other vaccines that can cause a metallic taste in your mouth. CDC guidelines do not include recommendations for those experiencing distorted taste but do note that [t]his list is not all inclusive. When it happens, it begins almost immediately after the shot and lasts up to a couple of days. 2020; doi:10.1017/S0022215120001826. Herman A, et al. A Pfizer representative told Health that most cases of Paxlovid mouth were "mild" and "nonserious," and only two participants ended the drug trial early because of it. Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic School of Continuous Professional Development, Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education. It can take time for your sense of smell or taste to recover. We link smell to meals, shared time with friends, and wonderful memories.. People report a change to their sense of smell about three to four months after infection. What Are the Trump COVID-19 Stimulus Mailings. Real-time updates and all local stories you want right in the palm of your hand. True loss of taste is rare. Pfizer. Under the FDAs EUA, doctors can use Paxlovid to treat mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in adults and children ages 12 and older who weigh at least 40 kilograms, or about 88 pounds. Smell disorders like parosmia and anosmia significantly affect patients quality of life, experts say. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. My sister, Susan DeBenedette of Tucson, Arizona, found this out the hard way. U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Some people have said that sucking on strongly flavored candies helps. Tongue can be inflamed, with intense redness, severe pain and burning sensation. He tried to get rid of it with coffee, then mouthwash. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. Going from no smell to distorted smell can be a step on the road to recovery.. Paxlovid is widely used to reduce the risk of severe infection or hospitalization due to COVID-19 infection. About a week or so AFTER I got better I lost about 95% of my sense of smell. Here is the latest advice, You can order another round of free at-home COVID tests. Once you start taking it, you want to really take it to a point where youll eradicate the virus because otherwise, it could mutate, and it could then become more problematic. Dr. Raphael Kellman. The bad taste is pretty bad, but the medications are definitely worth it because they have really good long-term effects, said Shankaran. All rights reserved. The effect has a medical name: 'dysgeusia,' and the same thing can occur with more than 30 other common medications, including certain antibiotics, some blood pressure medicines . According to Shankaran, few patients have stopped taking Paxlovid because of its tasteits the other side effects that have been more likely to make people discontinue the drug. "But I do hope it goes away. And while many people know that loss of taste is a coronavirus symptom, they may not realize it could first appear as a metallic taste in their mouth. If you experience a metallic taste in your mouth after getting the COVID-19 vaccine, "there's no harm in reaching out to your doctor and letting them know," Dr. Mucci-Elliott said. "There is no metallic taste receptor.". Many recovered coronavirus patients have reported a loss of taste, but some have been cursed with the opposite: an off-putting taste that no amount of teeth brushing or mouthwash could remove. How long does parosmia last? Dementia. They can range from mild to severe. How do COVID-19 antibody tests differ from diagnostic tests? The bad taste that can accompany Paxlovid may be the result of two things at work. For Sue, the bad taste from Paxlovid went away as long as she had food or a beverage in her mouththe problem was that the metallic taste returned as soon as she stopped eating. Would love your thoughts, please comment. Dysgeusia refers to a distorted sense of taste; anosmia is smell blindness. However, some people are finding that it can leave a bad taste in their mouths while theyre on it. American Academy of Dermatology Association. According to John Sellick, an infectious disease specialist at the University of Buffalo, out of tens of thousands of both Pfizer and Moderna vaccine doses that have been administered, only a handful of people reported a metallic taste after the shot. If you develop a strange taste or loss of taste days after the vaccine, that is more likely to be from COVID-19 infection, not a side effect of the vaccine. A study examining the role of the oral cavity in SARS-CoV-2 infection has found evidence the virus infects cells in the mouth, which could explain why some patients with COVID-19 experience taste loss, dry mouth and blistering. Developing a metallic taste in your mouth after receiving the COVID-19 vaccine is possible, but it is extremely rare. . The best approach to treating a metallic taste is prevention or correction of the underlying disorder. Cancer Treatment. We know from previous research that coronavirus infections are seen in post-viral anosmia. Nick Blackmer is a librarian, fact-checker, and researcher with more than 20 years experience in consumer-oriented health and wellness content. However, as the situation surrounding COVID-19 continues to evolve, it's possible that some data have changed since publication. After each subsequent dose, my congestion and coughing subsided more. 1 . GoodRx is not sponsored by or affiliated with any of the third-party brands identified. Valerie DeBenedette has over 30 years' experience writing about health and medicine. If foods have a metallic taste, try plastic cutlery instead of metal and use glass cookware. What to know about antiviral drugs and products. What Causes a Metallic Taste in Your Mouth? Pregnancy. Is the ketogenic diet right for autoimmune conditions? The emergence of a new subvariant of Omicron, BA.2.7, nicknamed 'Centaurus,' is causing some worry. She says everything tastes like a tin can. Vaccinations are known to cause side effects such as arm soreness, slight fever, headache and fatigue. The sensation came on within minutes of receiving his first dose of the Pfizer Covid-19 vaccination this past week. There are some case studies that looked at the efficacy of smell training for olfactory dysfunction, but its difficult to make a concrete deduction since most people normally recover their sense of smell over time. As for the lingering bad taste the drug can leave in the mouth, that may be because the drug is excreted in the salivary glands, said Alanthat's a process that happens with other medications too, including IV saline solutions, and isn't unique to Paxlovid. Some patients who have received a Covid jab have claimed they have been left with a metal taste after vaccination Credit: BackGrid. Try adding flavor with herbs and sauces and spices. Unusual COVID-19 symptoms: What are they? And among 18-to-34 year olds with no underlying health conditions, one in five were still feeling symptoms in the same time frame, according to the CDC. i actually saw this! Philipp J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. COVID-19 might cause nausea, vomiting or diarrhea either alone or with other COVID-19 symptoms. Getty But theres no telling if thats the case. Loss of smell or taste. Individuals can also change the chosen scents every week. I have seen patients still affected after a year., Eventually, the rest of the smell receptors recover, and smell perception returns gradually to normal, he added. A bloody or metallic taste in your mouth during or after high-intensity or endurance workouts, such as running, generally isn't something to panic over, experts said. Vaira LA, et al. Smell and taste recovery in coronavirus disease 2019 patients: A 60-day objective and prospective study. Signs and symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2 to 14 days after exposure. Merck's COVID Antiviral Drug Might Be Spurring New Variants. Symptoms of disordered taste are very often attributed to smell disorder because the two senses are so closely linked. Stay informed and get prescription saving tips and more from GoodRx Health. Why can I taste saline and medications when they're inserted into my IV? Interim clinical guidance for management of patients with confirmed coronavirus disease (COVID-19). His work includes kitchen culture and mental health, queer food, and American dessert history. Dr. Raphael Kellman, physician of integrative and functional medicine at Kellman Wellness Center in New York, said it may be related to an inflammatory response, and it can also be related to receptor malfunction. Coronavirus symptoms: Having a metallic taste in your mouth could signal COVID-19 (Image: Getty Images) "Roughly a week prior to admission, the patient began to experience a subtle decrease in . If you think you might be experiencing symptoms of COVID-19, call your health care provider. Symptoms that ranged from measles-like rashes, tiny scaly bumps and raised red patches covered with a whitish buildup of dead skin cells lasted for a median of 12 days, with some long-haulers experiencing them for more than 60 days. By providing your email address, you agree to receive emails containing coupons, refill reminders and promotional messages from GoodRx. Blisters, itchiness, rough skin, or painful bumps can occur. You should be concerned, though, if you develop a loss of smell, loss of taste, other symptoms, or if the symptoms begin a day or two after your shot. When it was still in clinical trials, Paxlovid did cause impaired or altered taste in some of the patients who took it. 2020; doi:10.7326/M20-2428. Nick Blackmer is a librarian, fact-checker, and researcher with more than 20 years experience in consumer-oriented health and wellness content. Verywell Health's content is for informational and educational purposes only. The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. COVID-19 vaccine: Should I reschedule my mammogram? Cinnamon candies like Hot Tamales, Red Hots, Atomic Fireballs, or strong mints like Altoids have been recommended in online forums where people have been looking for ideas to cope with Paxlovid mouth. "It's probable that that metallic taste is really just an altered taste on the way to losing the sensation completely," he explains. According to Dr. Mehdizadeh, Paxlovid mouth should be a short-lived annoyance. Sometimes, people interpret the tastes as salty, bitter or rancid. Full coverage of the coronavirus outbreak, "It's certainly not debilitating or anything like that," Howard, a contributor for NBC Sports, said. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html. Some (like zinc which is commonly recommended for covid/parosmia) can cause a metallic taste as well. Bad lingering taste in mouth. These now less-common symptoms include loss of smell (among other sensory changes due to COVID-19, such as those that cause a metallic taste in the mouth). a host of people have now claimed that they have an intense metallic taste in their mouth that . If you have developed a loss of taste, rather than a metallic taste, or a change in taste that starts days after you get the vaccine, that is more likely due to COVID-19 infection. Six of those COVID-19 symptoms were added recently. That tasteand the smell that can go along with itis caused by a build-up in your . People recovering from COVID-19 are also reporting that the smell of rotting meat seems to follow them everywhere. Erika Edwards is a health and medical news writer and reporter for NBC News and "TODAY.". Key Takeaways. thank you! But the agency does not list an unusual taste as a possible side effect of the vaccine. JAMA Network Open. Theres been a change in level and guidance, Florida COVID weekly update: Miami-Dade, Broward see an increase in cases, Catching COVID may increase chances of developing an autoimmune disease, study says, How many people are vaccinated for COVID in Florida? "It has been only hours since my [first] dose of Paxlovid, but it's doing something," Twitter user @AlisaValdesRod1 wrote. "Metallic taste is interesting, because we really don't know the biological basis for it," Nancy Rawson, vice president of the Monell Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia, said. These include medication-induced changes in saliva production, presence of the drug in your saliva, changes in normal cell function, nerve damage, infection, and changes to your nervous system. Chemical Exposure. Shankaran said that the dysgeusia caused by Paxlovid has nothing to do with the loss of the senses of taste and smell that was seen frequently with infection from the first COVID-19 variants that circulated in 2020 and 2021. Here's what to know about what Paxlovid mouth is, how it happens, and why it shouldn't deter you from the treatment if it's recommended by a healthcare provider. Some people report having a metallic taste in their mouth immediately after receiving the COVID-19 vaccine. Diarrhea is common, as well as other gastrointestinal symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and liver toxicity. COVID-19 also affects the brain, Schamess said.
Hayden Buckley Golf Swing,
Anna Doppler Murdered Anchorage Alaska,
Gianni Bini Over The Knee Rhinestone Boots,
Gettysburg Foundation Staff,
George P Wilbur Website,
Articles M