Other notable Belarusian sportspeople include cyclist Vasil Kiryienka, who won the 2015 Road World Time Trial Championship, and middle-distance runner Maryna Arzamasava, who won the gold medal in the 800m at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics. [228], Due to its failure to protect labor rights, including passing laws forbidding unemployment or working outside of state-controlled sectors,[229] Belarus lost its EU Generalized System of Preferences status on 21 June 2007, which raised tariff rates to their prior most favored nation levels. In 1996, Lukashenko called for a controversial vote to extend the presidential term from five to seven years, and as a result the election that was supposed to occur in 1999 was pushed back to 2001. The red-green flag, which has an embroidered pattern along one side, was introduced in 1951, when Belarus won a seat at the UN despite still being part of the Soviet Union. "About the Origins of the Names of White and Black Ruthenia"), (Joseph Juho), 1956. . The Soviets invaded and annexed much of eastern Poland, which had been part of the country since the Peace of Riga two decades earlier. Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko is in the midst of a three-day visit to Beijing to meet with Chinese President Xi Jinping . [75] A Belarusian organization, the Belarusian Peasants' and Workers' Union, was banned in 1927, and opposition to Polish government was met with state repressions. [201][202] Illegal migrants numbers also exceeded the previous annual numbers in Latvia. Andrei Arlovski, who was born in Babruysk, Byelorussian SSR, is a current UFC fighter and the former UFC heavyweight champion of the world. [135] Alexander Lukashenko has been the president of Belarus since 1994. The Communist Party of China is the founding and sole governing political party of the People's Republic of China. The Romanian Patronal System of Public Corruption (pp. On January 31, 1992, the U.S. Embassy . Incorporation into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania resulted in an economic, political and ethno-cultural unification of Belarusian lands. To strengthen their independence within the format of the union, three editions of the Statutes of Lithuania were issued in the second half of the 16th century. ", "No Job? USD. [82], After the war, Belarus was among the 51 founding member states of the United Nations Charter and as such it was allowed an additional vote at the UN, on top of the Soviet Union's vote. [224], In the 1990s, however, industrial production plunged due to decreases in imports, investment, and demand for Belarusian products from its trading partners. ", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belarus&oldid=1141790380. [44] The Battle on the Nemiga River in 1067 was one of the more notable events of the period, the date of which is considered the founding date of Minsk. ), 2005. [197] In July 2021, Belarusian authorities launched a hybrid warfare by human trafficking of migrants to the European Union. [73][74] Use of the Belarusian language was discouraged. MOSCOW Not so long ago, the image of Belarus was of a peaceful, if tightly controlled, former Soviet republic, squeezed between Poland and Russia. We do not recognize him but we must deal with him", U.S. no longer recognizes Lukashenko as legitimate president of Belarus, "Belarus election: UK refuses to recognise result and demands international investigation into 'grisly repression' of protests", "Canada denounces Lukashenko's inauguration in Belarus, preparing sanctions over human rights violations", "U.S., EU Sanction Belarus in Coordinated Western Action", "Britain and Canada impose sanctions on Belarus leader Lukashenko", "Ukraine conflict: UK sanctions Belarus for role in Russian invasion", "EU bans 70% of Belarus exports to bloc with new sanctions over Ukraine invasion", "Could Russia's Reliance on Belarus be its Soft Underbelly? Online version: Last edited on 26 February 2023, at 20:35, Constitution of the Republic of Belarus of 1994, "FAO's Information System on Water and Agriculture", Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia, Byelorussian collaboration with Nazi Germany, Byelorussian strategic offensive operation, a staggering quarter of the prewar population, Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic, election for the presidency on 24 June 1994 and 10 July 1994, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, protests following the presidential election, Belarusian Exarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church, 800m at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics, "Generations and Gender Survey, 2020 Belarus Wave 1", "Belarus leader Lukashenko holds secret inauguration amid continuing protests", "Belarus: Mass protests after Lukashenko secretly sworn in", "GINI index (World Bank estimate) Belarus", "Time Zone & Clock Changes in Minsk, Belarus", "Icann .", "Belarus freezes migrant cooperation deal over EU sanctions", "Why Is Belarus called White Russia | Belarus Travel", "Law of the Republic of Belarus About the name of the Republic of Belarus", "Lithuania Refuses to Call Belarus as "Belarusia", "Gudas as a Historical Name of Belarusians in the Lithuanian Language: 'Goths' or 'Barbarians'? Belarus was part of the Soviet Union and became an independent country in 1991, after the USSR collapsed. . ", "The Russo-Polish Historical Confrontation", "Belarusian": UCLA Language Materials Project, , "Europe's Last Dictatorship Is Opposed by the Oldest Exiled Government in the World", "War, Population Displacement and State Formation in the Russian Borderlands 19141924", "Stosunki polsko-biaoruskie pod okupacj sowieck (19391941)", Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin, "Andrei Gromyko Dies, Was Soviet Diplomat for 50 Years", "Belarus: Five things you may not know about the country", Republic of Belarus Presidential Election 19 March 2006: OSCE/ODIHR Election Observation Mission Report, "Statement of Preliminary Findings and Conclusions", "Standing up for Free and Fair Elections in Belarus", Belarus election 'neither free nor fair,' says UN human rights expert, "Belarus poll workers describe fraud in Aug. 9 election", "Lukashenka vs. democracy: Where is Belarus heading? [266] The National Academic Theatre of Ballet in Minsk was awarded the Benois de la Dance Prize in 1996 as the top ballet company in the world. [120] Norway and Japan have joined the sanctions regime which aims to isolate Belarus from the international supply chain. [249][250] Minorities also practice Greek Catholicism, Judaism, Islam and neo-paganism. In the 1990s some raised the estimate even higher, to 2.7 million. [191] Corrupt practices such as bribery often took place during tender processes, and whistleblower protection and national ombudsman are lacking in Belarus's anti-corruption system. Belarus has competed in the Olympic Games since the 1994 Winter Olympics as an independent nation. Main Geographic Characteristics of the Republic of Belarus", "Belarus: Window of Opportunity (see Table 15, page 66)", "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm", "The United Nations and Chernobyl The Republic of Belarus", "Ecological reservation in Belarus fosters new approaches to soil remediation", "Country Report: Belarus Borders: Borders and policy in Belarus", "SectionIV:The President, Parliament, Government, the Courts", "Deputy Prime Ministers of the Republic of Belarus", "Interview with Belarus President Lukashenko", "Analysis | Can people power topple Europe's 'last dictator'? [118][119] These include not only corporate offices and individual officers of government but also private individuals who work in the state-owned enterprise industrial sector. (Eng. Another hypothesis connects the word with the Gothic Kingdom that occupied parts of the territory of modern Belarus and Ukraine in the 4th and 5th centuries. "We wish you success . Treaties in 1995 and 1996 demarcated Belarus's borders with Latvia and Lithuania, and Belarus ratified a 1997 treaty establishing the Belarus-Ukraine border in 2009. [154] Many of the candidates, including Sannikov, were sentenced to prison or house arrest for terms which are mainly and typically over four years. Washington and Beijing are competing . Ever since the emergence of statehood in the territory of Belarus and up to the end of the 18th century, the country belonged to the Western, rather than Eastern, tradition of Christianity.. [122] The average elevation of Belarus is 160m (525ft) above sea level. [123] The city of Minsk is split into nine districts and enjoys special status as the nation's capital at the same administration level as the oblasts. [129] The United Nations and other agencies have aimed to reduce the level of radiation in affected areas, especially through the use of caesium binders and rapeseed cultivation, which are meant to decrease soil levels of caesium-137. By one hypothesis the word derives from the Old Prussian name Gudwa, which, in turn, is related to the form udwa, which is a distorted version of Sudwa, Sudovia. In the 9th century the territory of modern Belarus became part of Kievan Rus', a vast East Slavic state ruled by the Rurikid dynasty. Formerly Communist countries (by current name): Formerly part of the Soviet Union: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. Much of the northern section of this area was added to the Byelorussian SSR, and now constitutes West Belarus. Belarus offers a distinct case of post-communist development, remaining Eastern Europe's most authoritarian state to this day. Washington CNN The US and NATO believe that Belarus could "soon" join Russia in its war against Ukraine, US and NATO officials tell CNN, and that the country is already taking steps to do. Haley said that she will cut foreign aid to countries that dislike the US and launched her #CutEveryCent campaign. Belarusian literature[259] began with 11th- to 13th-century religious scripture, such as the 12th-century poetry of Cyril of Turaw. [180], Belarus has not expressed a desire to join NATO but has participated in the Individual Partnership Program since 1997,[181] and Belarus provided refueling and airspace support for the ISAF mission in Afghanistan. Belarus appeared to be the Prussia of the Soviet Union. [192], On 1 September 2020, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights declared that its experts received reports of 450 documented cases of torture and ill-treatment of people who were arrested during the protests following the presidential election. The main trading partners are Russia, which accounts for about 45% of Belarusian exports and 55% of imports, and the EU countries, which account for 25% of exports and 20% of imports. The other countries on the list are Eritrea, Cuba, Uzbekistan, Syria, and Belarus. However, it was short-lived as the communist rule and later the Nazi occupation of Belarus would suppress the freethinking writers of Belarus and force many into leave the country. [260], By the 16th century, Polotsk resident Francysk Skaryna translated the Bible into Belarusian. [60], In a Russification drive in the 1840s, Nicholas I prohibited use of the Belarusian language in public schools, campaigned against Belarusian publications and tried to pressure those who had converted to Catholicism under the Poles to reconvert to the Orthodox faith. The 2007 RussiaBelarus energy dispute centered on accusations by Gazprom that Belarus was siphoning oil off of the Druzhba pipeline that runs through Belarus. The currency was introduced in May 1992 to replace the Soviet ruble and it has undergone redenomination twice since then. [153], After the December completion of the 2010 presidential election, Lukashenko was elected to a fourth straight term with nearly 80% of the vote in elections. [246] Over 99% of Belarusians aged 15 and older are literate. [139] The armed forces were formed in 1992 using parts of the former Soviet Armed Forces on the new republic's territory. Along with neighbouring and mainly. [159] Belarus and Russia have been close trading partners and diplomatic allies since the breakup of the Soviet Union. [73][74] In 1935, after the death of Pisudski, a new wave of repressions was released upon the minorities, with many Orthodox churches and Belarusian schools being closed. Sino-Belarusian relations have improved,[169] strengthened by the visit of President Lukashenko to China in October 2005. The former Soviet republic was occupied by the Nazis between 1941 and 1944, when it lost 2.2 million. [262], After Belarus was incorporated into the Soviet Union, the Soviet government took control of the Republic's cultural affairs. [62][69] In the 1920s and 1930s, Soviet agricultural and economic policies, including collectivization and five-year plans for the national economy, led to famine and political repression. People with old Belarusian national flags shout during an opposition rally in August in Minsk, Belarus. "People in these countries are virtually isolated from the rest of the world by authoritarian rulers who muzzle the media and keep a chokehold on information through restrictive laws, fear, and intimidation," said CPJ Executive Director Ann Cooper. The law was compared with serfdom by Lukashenko himself. The former Soviet republic was occupied by the Nazis between 1941 and 1944, when it lost 2.2 million. Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and add more content related to non-recent events. info)). [212] In October 1995, a presidential decree abolished the local governments of cities of raion subordination and urban-type settlements which served as the administrative center of raions, demoting them from administrative-territorial units to territorial units. [168] [62][63] Immediately afterwards, the PolishSoviet War ignited, and the territory of Belarus was divided between Poland and Soviet Russia. The first one was the 2004 RussiaBelarus energy dispute when Russian energy giant Gazprom ceased the import of gas into Belarus because of price disagreements. ., 2006.. The Byelorussian SSR was the hardest-hit Soviet republic in World War II; it remained in Nazi hands until 1944. Until it became independent in 1991, Belarus, formerly known as Belorussia or White Russia, was the smallest of the three Slavic republics included in the Soviet Union (the larger two being Russia and Ukraine). But since the mid-20th century, the number of Jews has been reduced by the Holocaust, deportation, and emigration, so that today it is a very small minority of less than one percent. While Russia is no longer communist, its president, Vladimir Putin, considers the fall of the Soviet Union the "greatest geopolitical catastrophe of the 20th century" and is currently (as of. 1919 - The Russian Red Army conquers Belarus, and establishes communist rule. After the World War, most literature focussed on war-related topics. Belarus is not in the European Union (EU). According to Article 16 of the Constitution, Belarus has no official religion. Average Belarusians still remember his heyday - and the pledges that never came through. Each region of Belarus has developed specific design patterns. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. It shares Europe's oldest forest - Bialowieza - with Poland. Belarusian language was banned in schools while in neighboring Samogitia primary school education with Samogitian literacy was allowed. Anyone from outside the duchy gaining rights to a property would actually own it only after swearing allegiance to the Grand Duke of Lithuania (a title dually held by the King of Poland). The Belarusian leader pointed out that NATO was quickly building up forces on the border with Belarus in Poland and in the Baltic countries Read more Moscow-Kiev talks to begin at 12:00 Moscow . [233] As part of the Union of Russia and Belarus, both states have discussed using a single currency along the same lines as the Euro. Communism is a form of government most frequently associated with the ideas of Karl Marx, a German philosopher who outlined his ideas for a utopian society in The Communist Manifesto, written in 1848.Marx believed that capitalism, with its emphasis on profit and private ownership, led to inequality among citizens.Thus, his goal was to encourage a system that promoted a classless society in . The welcoming ceremony also included the anthems of the two countries and the honor guard march. 1919 - The Russian Red Army conquers Belarus, and establishes communist rule. 96.19. . The title, "Socialism Is the Best Prophylaxis," comes from a statement made by Dr. Maxim Zetkin (1883-1965), the son of the communist and international women's rights activist Clara Zetkin . . . . Settlements without their own local council and executive committee are called territorial units (Belarusian: ; Russian: ). While the world has just five truly communist countries, socialist countries (countries whose constitutions include statements about the protection and rule of the working class) are relatively common Examples include Portugal, Sri Lanka, India, Guinea-Bissau, and Tanzania. An influential author who devoted his work to awakening the awareness of the catastrophes the country has suffered, was Ales Adamovich. The US has given hundreds of millions of dollars to Zimbabwe, a country with one of the most anti-American voting records in the UN. Prezydent Biaorusi chce zakaza kochonikom odchodzi z pracy", "In chase of upgrade: serfdom for woodworkers? [256] Belarusian, although not as widely used as Russian, is the mother tongue of 53.2% of the population, whereas Russian is the mother tongue of only 41.5%.[255]. A famed Black Panther who's also a communist has faced calls to pay reparations after discovering her ancestors were white puritans who arrived in the US on the Mayflower. THE DECISION by Alexander Lukashenko, the president of Belarus, to force a passenger flight from Greece to Lithuania to land in Minsk, his country's capital, in order to arrest a journalist on. [182] Belarus first began to cooperate with NATO upon signing documents to participate in their Partnership for Peace Program in 1995. [104], Mass protests erupted across the country following the disputed 2020 Belarusian presidential election,[105] in which Lukashenko sought a sixth term in office. Albania country profile 16 January Albania is a small, mountainous country in the Balkan peninsula, with a long Adriatic and Ionian coastline. [203] On 2 December 2021, the United States, European Union, United Kingdom and Canada imposed new sanctions on Belarus. [205], Belarus's two official languages are Russian and Belarusian;[254] Russian is the most common language spoken at home, used by 70% of the population, while Belarusian, the official first language, is spoken at home by 23%. [272], Belarusian cuisine consists mainly of vegetables, meat (particularly pork), and bread. 275-316) Lszl Nndor Magyari [264], Music in Belarus largely comprises a rich tradition of folk and religious music. Foods are usually either slowly cooked or stewed. Wheat and rye bread are consumed in Belarus, but rye is more plentiful because conditions are too harsh for growing wheat. [164] Travel bans imposed by the European Union have been lifted in the past in order to allow Lukashenko to attend diplomatic meetings and also to engage his government and opposition groups in dialogue. We even give money to Communist Cuba a country our own government has designated as a state sponsor of terrorism," Haley said. "Red was the colour . [73][74] The polonization drive was inspired and influenced by the Polish National Democracy, led by Roman Dmowski, who advocated refusing Belarusians and Ukrainians the right for a free national development. [206] The Regions are further subdivided into 118 raions, commonly translated as districts (Belarusian: ; Russian: ). After Stalin's death in 1953, Nikita Khrushchev continued his predecessor's cultural hegemony program, stating, "The sooner we all start speaking Russian, the faster we shall build communism. [126], The highest point is Dzyarzhynskaya Hara (Dzyarzhynsk Hill) at 345 metres (1,132ft), and the lowest point is on the Neman River at 90m (295ft). KHATYN, Belarus Even by Soviet standards, the massive memorial complex near Minsk to the victims of Nazi atrocities stands out for its immense scale and ambition.Spread across half a million . [160], The union of Russia and Belarus, a supranational confederation, was established in a 199699 series of treaties that called for monetary union, equal rights, single citizenship, and a common foreign and defense policy. [125], Many streams and 11,000 lakes are found in Belarus. In the years following the union, the process of gradual Polonization of both Lithuanians and Ruthenians gained steady momentum. The referendum on the extension was denounced as a "fantastic" fake by the chief electoral officer, Viktar Hanchar, who was removed from the office for official matters only during the campaign. Xi, C hina's most powerful figure in decades, has no formal role in the National People's Congress, which will convene a meeting of its . [175] However, Belarus suspended its participation in the Eastern Partnership program on 28 June 2021, after the EU imposed more sanctions against the country. [193] At least three detainees suffered injuries indicative of sexual violence in Okrestino prison in Minsk or on the way there. The United States supports a sovereign, independent Belarus which respects the rights and voices of the Belarusian people. [267][268], Marc Chagall was born in Liozna (near Vitebsk) in 1887. [266] Rock music has become increasingly popular in recent years, though the Belarusian government has attempted to limit the amount of foreign music aired on the radio in favor of traditional Belarusian music. The directives, part of a 3,500 . [64] The Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic exists as a government in exile ever since then; in fact, it is currently the world's longest serving government in exile. The official version of events as publicised by the Belarusian government was questioned in the unprecedented wording of the UN Security Council statement condemning "the apparent terrorist attack" intimating the possibility that the Belarusian government itself was behind the bombing. [194] In an interview from September 2020 Lukashenko claimed that detainees faked their bruises, saying, "Some of the girls there had their butts painted in blue". A court on Friday sentenced Belarus' top human rights advocate and one of the winners of the 2022 Nobel Peace Prize, to 10 years in prison. [223] [142], Lukashenko has been frequently described as the "last dictator" in Europe in media. Kazulin was detained and beaten by police during protests surrounding the All Belarusian People's Assembly. [261] The modern era of Belarusian literature began in the late 19th century; one prominent writer was Yanka Kupala. Since his election as president in 1994, Alexander Lukashenko has consolidated his rule over all institutions and undermined the rule of law through . The Communist Party of Belarus won 3 seats, and the Agrarian Party and Republican Party of Labour and Justice, one each. Employment is also high in agriculture, manufacturing sales, trading goods, and education. The Belarusian government sponsors annual cultural festivals such as the Slavianski Bazaar in Vitebsk,[257] which showcases Belarusian performers, artists, writers, musicians, and actors. [276], Belarus has four UNESCO-designated World Heritage Sites: the Mir Castle Complex, the Nesvizh Castle, the Belovezhskaya Pushcha (shared with Poland), and the Struve Geodetic Arc (shared with nine other countries). No, you are using the term correctly. Our assessments, publications and research spread knowledge, spark enquiry and aid understanding around the world. [112][113][114][115] The European Union, Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States have all imposed sanctions against Belarus because of the rigged election and political oppression during the ongoing protests in the country. Vigorous postwar reconstruction promptly followed the end of the war and the Byelorussian SSR became a major center of manufacturing in the western USSR, creating jobs and attracting ethnic Russians. [199] In August 2021, Belarusian officials, wearing uniforms, riot shields and helmets, were recorded on camera near the BelarusLithuania border pushing and urging the migrants to cross the European Union border. [139], The government includes a Council of Ministers, headed by the prime minister and five deputy prime ministers. [209] At the primary level are 14 cities of raion subordination councils, 8 urban-type settlements councils, and 1,151 village councils. [citation needed], The union between Poland and Lithuania ended in 1795 with the Third Partition of Poland by Imperial Russia, Prussia, and Austria. In the 19th century, Polish composer Stanisaw Moniuszko composed operas and chamber music pieces while living in Minsk. Its net migration rate is +0.38 per 1,000, indicating that Belarus experiences slightly more immigration than emigration. [263] The free development of literature occurred only in Polish-held territory until Soviet occupation in 1939. [79] Most of Western Belarus became part of the Reichskommissariat Ostland in 1941, but in 1943 the German authorities allowed local collaborators to set up a client state, the Belarusian Central Council. For other uses, see. The 2021 UEC European Track Championships in cycling was also cancelled because Belarus was not considered a safe host. " BYN -- - - ", " - ", "Heritage Foundation's Index of Economic Freedom Belarus", " ", "International Programs: International Data Base", "Religion and denominations in the Republic of Belarus", "Belarusian Religion statistics, definitions and sources", "Belarus, Roman Catholic Church may ink cooperation agreement", "Population classified by knowledge of the Belarusian and Russian languages by region and Minsk City", "The Slavianski Bazaar in Vitebsk amazes with its artistic atmosphere, popular artistes, hundreds of events and thousands of reasons to enjoy", "Belarus entry to the 2004 Eurovision Song Contest", " : , ", Cultures Profile Project Eating the Belarusian Way, "Queen Victoria takes the throne determined to court further success", Bibliography of the history of Belarus and Byelorussia, "The European Union and Belarus: Democracy Promotion by Technocratic Means? The victims were hospitalized with intramuscular bleeding of the rectum, anal fissure and bleeding, and damage to the mucous membrane of the rectum. MOFA mentioned that Belarus and any other country's acceptance of China's "absurd remarks" that belittle Taiwan's . Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. He spent the World War I years in Soviet Belarus, becoming one of the country's most distinguished artists and a member of the modernist avant-garde and was a founder of the Vitebsk Arts College. [134], The term for each presidency is five years.
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