Freud believed that the id is fueled by: a. self-preservation. The MOST likely consequence of having acquired conditions of worth is: a. social isolation. You can generate a percentage of times you ruminated to the number of successful problem-solving strategies you generated. Treatments related to the biological model include drugs, ECT, and psychosurgery. d. cognitive-behavioral. Obviously then, with partial, a response continues being made for a while. They would salivate at the sound of a bell, footsteps in the hall, a tuning fork, or the presence of a lab assistant. Second, the participants in his studies were not representative of the broader population. The term for the form of psychotherapy pioneered by Carl Rogers is: a. client-centered. Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. c. existential First, we cannot pay attention to everything going on around us. a. psychodynamic A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic would MOST likely be described as: a. humanistic. For instance, people with Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) have difficulty regulating serotonin. Considered the follow-up to Watson and Rayner (1920), Jones (1924; Figure 2.7) wanted to see if a child who learned to be afraid of white rabbits (Panel B) could be conditioned to become unafraid of them. c. cognitive As opposed to the medical model, which emphasizes mental illness as . 85. The therapist focuses only on issues specifically related to this problem. In the past, we have conducted trephination and lobotomies, neither of which are used today. Which of the following is a reason for which little controlled research has been devoted to the effectiveness of existential therapy? Ashley is a pole-vaulter ready to go for her event. Defense mechanisms include the following: For more on defense mechanisms, please visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/fulfillment-any-age/201110/the-essential-guide-defense-mechanisms. d. humanists. as part of their daily life and this can lead to disordered behavior (Lo & Cheng, 2014; Jones, Cross, & DeFour, 2007; Satcher, 2001), though some research suggests that ethnic identity can buffer against these stressors and protect mental health (Mossakowski, 2003). c. psychodynamic. Students also viewed PSY 381 Chapter 2 Which model of abnormality focuses on learning and the thinking that underlies behavior? 2.3.2.4. What exactly are some of the neurotransmitters which are so critical for neural transmission, and are essential to our discussion of psychopathology? It is present at birth, completely unconscious, and operates on the pleasure principle, resulting in selfishly seeking immediate gratification of our needs no matter what the cost. 52. Behaviors and thoughts may influence the development of psychological disorders. a. equifinality b. eclectic integration c. multifinality d. timing. Borderline personality disorder has also been found to be higher in people in low-income brackets (Tomko et al., 2012) and group differences for personality disorders have been found between African and European Americans (Ryder, Sunohara, and Kirmayer, 2015). a. sociocultural b. biological c. cognitive d. demonological, 4. Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? Briefly outline how communication in the nervous system occurs. Cognitive-behavioral approaches used to treat social anxiety disorder aim to: a. increase positive self-talk and decrease risk taking. Both groups were frustrated when deprived of the coveted toy. Horowitz (2008) found that rates of SAD are just 1% for those living in Florida while 9% of Alaskans are diagnosed with the disorder. Women are more likely to develop PTSD compared to men. They are a means of reprocessing information necessary for survival. Watson believed that the subject matter of psychology was to be observable behavior, and to that end, psychology should focus on the prediction and control of behavior. What if you found out that a friend who sits in the front row is a C student but sits there because he cannot see the screen or board, even with corrective lenses? These therapies have proven efficacy for the treatment of depression (Kalibatseva & Leong, 2014) and schizophrenia (Naeem et al., 2015). However, she went to the restroom to change instead. b. unconditional self-regard. When treating religious patients, it is recommended that mental health professionals: encourage clients to use spiritual resources that aid with coping. The type of reinforcer or punisher we use is crucial. It is the most commonly used biological treatment for mental disorders. Which of the following is NOT influenced by the paradigm to which an investigator subscribes? Add them up and see if making some minor, or major, adjustments to your schedule will free an hour to get in some valuable exercise. A boy believes that he is deserving of love only when he earns good grades. For more on these techniques, visit http://cogbtherapy.com/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-exercises/. 63. If a person is used to receiving reinforcement every time they perform a particular behavior, and then suddenly no reinforcer is delivered, he or she will cease the response immediately. b. existential. d. classical conditioning. c. overgeneralization. This approach to learning was called connectionism. c. They explain outside influences and past events. Criticisms. 158. Operant conditioning is a type of associate learning which focuses on consequences that follow a response or behavior that we make (anything we do or say) and whether it makes a behavior more or less likely to occur. What are the three assessment techniques used by Freud? The answer is yes and no, depending on whether we are talking about continuous or partial reinforcement. According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), cognitive behavioral therapy focuses on exploring relationships among a persons thoughts, feelings and behaviors. c. consciousness, unconsciousness, and instincts. Describe how the biological model explains mental illness. They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. d. short-term psychodynamic therapy. Chief among these are neurotransmitter imbalances. 2.3.3.1. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? Finally, acceptance techniques help reduce a clients worry and anxiety. b. genetic mutations. ChaeWoo has been participating in weekly therapy for several years. 122. Operant conditioning is a type of associate learning which focuses on consequences that follow a response or behavior that we make (anything we do, say, or think/feel) and whether it makes a behavior more or less likely to occur. Common antipsychotics include Chlorpromazine, Perphenazine, Quetiapine, and Lurasidone. Uni-dimensional models alone are too simplistic to explain the etiology of mental disorders fully. 20. According to psychoanalytic theory, which statement is TRUE about dreams? Stimulants are generally effective and produce a calming effect. PSYC 203 Chapter 2: Models of Abnormality, Week 12: CNS Drugs Neurodegenerative, Neurolo, Week 11: PNS Drugs (Cholinergic, Adrenergic). Then write a few balanced statements such as the one the article suggests, Ive made some mistakes that I feel embarrassed about, but a lot of the time, I make good choices.. They add, Oftentimes someone being treated with CBT will have homework in between sessions where they practice replacing negative thoughts with more realistic thoughts based on prior experiences or record their negative thoughts in a journal. For more on CBT, visit: https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Psychotherapy. A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm? c. The underlying assumptions of each model are the same. 2.3.2.1. According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that operates by the morality principle is the: Which statement is TRUE regarding electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? c. resistance. b. humanistic. It consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. According to psychoanalysis, which statement is TRUE of psychological conflicts? d. sociocultural. If this is true, how can we know anything about controversial matters? Ego-defense mechanisms are in place to protect us from this pain but are considered maladaptive if they are misused and become our primary way of dealing with stress. The biological treatment known as psychosurgery would MOST likely be used in the treatment of a patient with: a. a severe disorder that is also associated with a high risk of suicide. Then there is the self-serving bias, which is when we attribute our success to our own efforts (dispositional) and our failures to external causes (situational). It begins with the individual learning a relaxation technique such as diaphragmatic breathing. 134. Consider the following: In relation to men: While mental illnesses affect both men and women, the prevalence of mental illnesses in men is often lower than women. What is that factor? The motivation to form relationships with others is a central theme of: Nari was taking the bar exam and was concerned that she didn't know the answers to many of the questions. See Figure 2.4 below. The critical part is what happens to the person modeling the behavior. In contrast, Thanatos, our death instinct, is either directed inward as in the case of suicide and masochism or outward via hatred and aggression. Which is an example of a biological treatment for this condition? Malnutrition before birth, exposure to viruses, and other psychosocial factors are potential causes of schizophrenia. a. focused primarily on unconscious thoughts, instincts, and conflict. b. existential therapy. c. unconditional positive regard. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord; the former we will discuss briefly and in terms of key structures which include: Of course, this is not an exhaustive list of structures found in the brain but gives you a pretty good idea of function and which structure is responsible for it. Which statement regarding the outcomes of couple therapy is FALSE? a. long-term memory b. numerical and spatial reasoning c. autonomic nervous system functioning d. feelings of social connectedness among teens, 105. Eventually, the response brought about by the sympathetic nervous system must end. b. the libido. c. A boy is internally motivated to put forth his best effort on his science project. Figure 2.10. Lorenzo's therapist frequently reminds him that he has the power to change his situation and that he must take responsibility for his actions. a. psychodynamic A primary focus of the community mental health treatment approach to abnormality is: Understanding a person's unconscious processes is critical in explaining abnormality. d. instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards. a. Food, water, temperature, and sex, for instance, are primary reinforcers, while extreme cold or hot or a punch on the arm are inherently punishing. b. repression. 2.3.3.6. c. sociocultural b. the pleasure principle. 2.2.1.5. If a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would MOST likely to be practicing: In science, the perspectives used to explain phenomena are known as which of the following? Rates of eating disorders are higher among women than men, though both genders are affected. The greatest strength or appeal of the behavioral model is that its tenets are easily tested in the laboratory, unlike those of the psychodynamic model. As these cells die, the brain fails to receive messages about when and how to move. 21. This single factor explanation is called a uni-dimensional model. c. feminist therapy. c. role-playing. a. guidelines. 2.2.1.4. 2.2.3.2. The neuron. Evaluating the cognitive model. Second, the viewpoint that all human behavior is explainable in biological terms, and therefore when issues arise, they can be treated using biological methods, overlooks factors that are not fundamentally biological. 113. 2. c. operant conditioning. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of: Which of the following is NOT a weakness of the biological model of abnormal behavior? 2.3.4.1. Clarify how gender factors affect mental illness. What form of psychotherapy is ChaeWoo receiving? Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. She had another shirt with her and wanted to change right then and there. Which statement is TRUE regarding electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? 64. c. superego. She is very open about herself and shares her thoughts and opinions freely. The room contains a highly prized toy, but they are told they cannot play with it. We take the information just detected and use it to assign people to categories, or groups. c. operant conditioning. 1. 2.2.1.6. She felt confined and suffocated in this life and took to a fantasy world she called her private theater. Anna also developed hysteria, including symptoms such as memory loss, paralysis, disturbed eye movements, reduced speech, nausea, and mental deterioration. Rogers did try to investigate his propositions scientifically, but most other humanistic-existential psychologists rejected the use of the scientific method. Which of the following is an argument of critics of the evolutionary perspective? Inability to disconfirm Ignoring any evidence that may contradict your maladaptive cognition. d. only one factorstress or predispositionis necessary for abnormality to occur. What is an important characteristic of group therapy? What happens at the synapse during neural transmission? With its emphasis on abstract human values and responsibility, the humanistic-existential model does all of the following EXCEPT: If a client-centered therapist were treating a very anxious woman, the therapist would try to: show unconditional positive regard for the client's statements. d. psychodynamic. b. insight. c. psychosurgery. The force that is in control in this example is the: Which model is MOST likely to suggest using free association to uncover unconscious processes? a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. humanistic-existential d. behavioral. a. existential Racial, ethnic, and cultural factors are also relevant to understanding the development and course of mental illness. How does the existential perspective approach psychopathology? These included risk versions of two genes that regulate the flow of calcium into cells. Likewise, twin and family studies have shown that people with first-degree relatives suffering from OCD are at higher risk to develop the disorder themselves. Try figuring out if you genuinely do not have time to go to the gym by recording what you do each day and then look at open times of the day. Still, the sociocultural model suffers from unclear findings and not allowing for the establishment of causal relationships, reliance on more qualitative data gathered from case studies and ethnographic analyses (one such example is Zafra, 2016), and an inability to make predictions about abnormal behavior for individuals. 95. It handles the CNSs input and output and divides into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. b. the different patterns of communication displayed by men and women. This criticism would be true of behaviorisms first two stages, though sociobehaviorism steered away from this proposition and even fought against any mechanistic leanings of behaviorists. b. Rogers. This information is passed to the nervous system due to the process of transduction and through sensory or afferent neurons, which are part of the peripheral nervous system. Understanding a person's unconscious processes is critical in explaining abnormality. 90. b. rationalization. This is in accord with what Freud called: a. reflex. The strategies arise from all three learning models. c. social networks. Gambling disorder is a manifestation of the previously desirable behavior of being a risk taker. They are sexual in nature. Uni- vs. Multi-Dimensional Models of Abnormality, https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/what-causes-depression, https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/gene, https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-causes-mental-illness#1, https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/strep-throat.html, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-perfectionists-handbook/201202/can-infections-result-in-mental-illness, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719, https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Psychotherapy, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-practice/201301/cognitive-restructuring, http://cogbtherapy.com/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-exercises/, https://www.psychologytoday.com/therapy-types/existential-therapy, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. This approach came to be called client-centered therapy. Evaluate the usefulness of the cognitive model. They reflect our unconscious desires and needs. As such, he continues to steal her toys. d. client-centered therapy. Which is an example of latent content? A goal of behavior-focused therapy is to: a. prevent feelings of anger and acts of aggression. The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the: A. Cognitive model B. Humanistic model C. Behavioral model D. Biopsychosocial model E. psychodynamic model. For more on psychosurgery, check out this article from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199203/psychosurgery. Abnormal behavior in the family causes an individual to develop dual personalities: one for the public and one for at home. c. Behavior that one group would classify as abnormal may be the norm in another group. b. prevention. Once the electrical impulse has passed from one segment of the axon to the next, the neuron begins the process of resetting called repolarization. The answer is continuous. c. cognitive-behavioral therapy. With this knowledge, a plan is developed and consists of numerous strategies to act on one or all these elements antecedent, behavior, and/or consequence. According to Mental Health America, Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a procedure in which a brief application of electric stimulus is used to produce a generalized seizure. Patients are placed on a padded bed and administered a muscle relaxant to avoid injury during the seizures. Primary refers to reinforcers and punishers that have their effect without having to be learned. a. modeling 114. Some are naturally occurring, while others need to be learned. For instance, Parkinsons disease is a brain disorder that results in a gradual loss of muscle control and arises when cells in the substantia nigra, a long nucleus considered to be part of the basal ganglia, stop making dopamine. During the time-out, no one interacts with the child. Freuds psychodynamic theory made a lasting impact on the field of psychology but also has been criticized heavily. Her therapy is MOST likely: a. gestalt therapy. c. identify the client's unreasonable ideas and feelings. It influences blood pressure, thirst, contractions of the uterus during childbirth, milk production, sexual behavior and interest, body growth, the amount of water in the bodys cells, and other functions as well. As noted earlier, the idea of people being machines, called mechanism, was a key feature of behaviorism and other schools of thought in psychology until about the 1960s or 1970s. The psychologist who would MOST closely agree with this statement would be described as: a. behavioral. Life involves a degree of uncertainty, and at times we must accept this. She ultimately decided not to copy, knowing that doing so was wrong. When Mathias did not get a job for which he applied, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. Each is unique in its own right and no single model can account for all aspects of abnormality. Observational learning. These words have no affective connotation to them, meaning they do not imply good or bad. Evaluate the usefulness of humanistic and existential perspectives. Those in the field of abnormal psychology study people's emotional, cognitive, and/or behavioral problems.Abnormal behavior may be defined as behavior that is disturbing (socially unacceptable), distressing, maladaptive (or selfdefeating), and often the result of distorted thoughts (cognitions).. Several perspectives (models, approaches derived from data) and theories attempt to explain the . The humanistic perspective. In her dream, she panics and looks for her dog everywhere. Social Sciences; Psychology; Psychology questions and answers; which statement about catergorical vs dimensions models of abnormal behavior is true?A categorial models capture the complexity of mental disorders btter than dimensional modelsB Dimensional models better reflect nature/ reality of disorders than categorial onesC Catergorial models capture the severitu of mental disorders while . b. social factors leading to stress. The drug addresses (corrects) the underlying biological reasons for alcohol abuse. 2.2.3.3. c. intellectualization. A reliance on medication for treatment and belief that psychological illness is much like physical illness. Recognizing the signs that you or someone you love may have a mental disorder is the first step toward getting treatment. b. exposure therapy. c. result of childhood trauma. Behaviorally test your thought. It is difficult to research this perspective. b. a distorted view of the self. Once free, the cat was allowed to eat some food before being promptly returned to the box. Dogs do not enter the world knowing to respond to the ringing of a bell (which it hears). The force that is in control in this example is the: The brain stimulation technique that uses an electromagnetic coil placed on or above a person's head to send electrical current into certain areas of the brain is called: The objective of the Human Genome Project was to: Abnormal chemical activity in the body's endocrine system relates to the release of: During a meeting, Shonda's manager asks her to free associate about her coworker's performance. b. ethnographic studies. The goal is for the client to examine their own feelings and thoughts with openness and acceptance. b. multicultural. Another example is how a baby will root for a food source if the mothers breast is placed near their mouth. a. catharsis. Don't worry. A patients initial reaction to being told she has a sexually transmitted infection (STI) is to insist that the nurse made a mistake with the test. d. An investigators preferred paradigm influences how they interpret research findings. Hence, they experience conditional positive regard. What are the five psychosexual stages according to Freud? A primary focus of community-based mental health treatments is: a. education. b. operate in accordance with the reality principle. In terms of the biological model, neurotransmitters, brain structures, hormones, genes, and viral . Possible side effects include weight gain, sleepiness, nausea and vomiting, panic attacks, or thoughts about suicide or dying. This statement aligns MOST closely with the beliefs of which type of theorist? Track the accuracy of the thought. The persons true intentions or thoughts and feelings are not readily available to us, or are covert, and do not make for useful empirical data. There will be some variability in terms of what symptoms are displayed, but in general, all people with a specific psychopathology have symptoms from that group. If we are not motivated to perform an observed behavior, we probably will not show what we have learned. Once in the brain, it is processed and interpreted. Acceptance and commitment therapy borrows heavily from _____, which teaches individuals to pay attention to the thoughts and feelings that are flowing through their minds, and to accept their thoughts in a nonjudgmental way. What about your friend or acquaintance in the back? A self-help group differs from group therapy in that the self-help group: A primary prevention approach is expected to be MOST beneficial for mental health issues with: Which phrase would one be MOST likely to hear in a self-help group? The brain. Flooding and desensitization are typical respondent conditioning procedures used with phobias, and modeling arises from social learning theory and observational learning. Next, a fear hierarchy, or list of feared objects and situations, is constructed in which the individual moves from least to most feared. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is our heredity material. Our life instincts, or Eros, are manifested through it and are the creative forces that sustain life. Notice how the line has dropped below -70mV. In fact, in many college classrooms, this is exactly what the instructor does. She could see the answers of the person next to her and briefly considered copying his answers. Negative means that something is being taken away good or bad. 43. Cognitive therapies. a. family-social b. multicultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 135. With mindfulness-based therapy techniques, clients would MOST likely be encouraged to: a. focus on setting goals for the future. Which is a goal of acceptance and commitment therapy? The body has two coordinating and integrating systems, the nervous system and the endocrine system. Notice when you are having a maladaptive cognition, such as making negative predictions. Figure out what is the worst thing that could happen and what alternative outcomes are possible. A cognitive-behavioral therapist would MOST likely recommend: b. laissez-faire parenting style. What is that factor? b. c. how prejudice and discrimination impact women. 61. No one form of couple therapy stands out as superior to others. Neurotransmitters. b. neurotransmitters. 2.3.1.3. The self-actualization motive plays an important part in human functioning, according to: A therapist who describes her client as someone who has yet to fulfill his or her full potential, rather than as someone with a disorder, is MOST likely what kind of theorist? You might say neurotransmitters are part of a lock-and-key system. Module Overview. This therapist is MOST likely a(n) _____ therapist. c. superego. Despite Freuds generalization, his theory was based on only a few patients. 152. As such, we will need to establish a foundation for how communication in the nervous system occurs, what the parts of the nervous system are, what a neuron is and its structure, how neural transmission occurs, and what the parts of the brain are. c. people who have a religious community to support them are healthier. Some researchers have manipulated the behaviors and thoughts of study participants to create clinical-like symptoms. The three parts of personality generally work together well and compromise, leading to a healthy personality, but if the conflict is not resolved, intrapsychic conflicts can arise and lead to mental disorders. 2.2.2. c. There is limited research supporting biological causes of mental illness. Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people: a. without any religious belief are the healthiest. c. neurons. b. helping the client develop a stronger sense of self and rational thinking. a. cognitive b. humanistic c. psychodynamic d. rational emotive. Its popularity has declined since the 1960s and 1970s. d. transference. Cognitive-behavioral therapy has not been able to help her get rid of them. a. the humanistic-existential model b. the family-social perspective c. the cognitive model d. the psychodynamic model, 11. Anti-anxiety medications such as benzodiazepines are effective in relieving anxiety and take effect more quickly than the antidepressant medications (or buspirone) often prescribed for anxiety. Failure to treat many people with severe disturbances appropriately is MOST often a problem with which level of prevention? d. indicator of psychological conflict. d. use conscious thought as a means to decrease physiological signs of anxiety. She interprets this to mean that the hospital is a threatening place because it's filled with dangerous diseases. None of the models are complete within themselves. 148. 76. 132. b. The parasympathetic nervous system calms the body. An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that: some people do not benefit from drug treatments. 156. Hormonal imbalances. b. self-actualizing. They might go through reuptake, which is the process of the presynaptic neuron taking up excess neurotransmitters in the synaptic space for future use or enzymatic degradation when enzymes destroy excess neurotransmitters in the synaptic space. In Panel B, we see that a neutral stimulus (NS) produces no response. Briefly, these included: The article also suggested a few non-cognitive restructuring techniques, including mindfulness meditation and self-compassion. b. Fourth, it is difficult to empirically study psychodynamic principles since most operate unconsciously. Freud said this resistance revealed where issues persisted. Integrative behavioral couple therapy helps partners: a. accept behaviors that they cannot change. Exemplify the effect of schemas on creating abnormal behavior.
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