Answer (1 of 5): Of course it is! The group tested three models of VW cars, including BMWs X5 SUV. Additionally, with regards to internal controls, another department that may need to focus on improvement is that of Human Resourcing (HR). Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. Still, even though there are only two challenges presented, there is still an opportunity to analyse them from the perspective of different approaches to ethics and corporate governance. Please see the chart below for a more detailed breakdown of this structure. and What we can learn. Well, yes. Introduction Like some other crises and scandals that periodically occur in the business community, the Volkswagen ("VW") scandal once again highlights the devastating consequences of corporatemisconduct, oncepublicly disclosed, and the media storm that generally follows the discovery of such significant misbehaviour by amajor corporation. It explores the origins of internal and external forces that propelled the company to market environmentally sustainable "clean diesel" cars while using engine management software to conceal on-the-road emissions . Byrne, Alyson 6381 How can we avert ecological catastrophe and avoid social collapse? Connect Now Writing Services Online Courses Order Now Services Menu Assignment Assignment Academic Writing Services Academic Writing Services Assignment Help Assignment Help Denver Assignment Help Online CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed; As history proves repeatedly, scandal is far more likely. In my current work, I argue not only for a recovery of virtue ethics, but for its extension as a conception of ecological virtue. 8 U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Deputy Attorney General, Memorandum from Deputy Attorney General, Sally Quillian Yates, Sept. 9, 2015, Online : http://www.justice.gov/dag/file/769036/download (last accessed Feb. 26, 2016). Google Scholar; Martin Lipton, Daniel A. Neff, Andrew R. Brownstein, Steven A. Rosenblum, Adam O. Emmerich, Risk Management and the Board of Directors, Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance and Financial Regulation, July 28, 2015, Online : https://corpgov.law.harvard.edu/2015/07/28/risk-management-and-the-board-of-directors-3/ (last accessed Feb. 26, 2016). 11 Jim Puzzanghera and Jerry Hirsch, ibid. Try full digital access and see why over 1 million readers subscribe to the FT, Purchase a Trial subscription for $1 for 4 weeks, You will be billed $69 per month after the trial ends, Ukrainian interior minister among 14 killed in Kyiv helicopter crash, Bank of Japan defies market pressure and holds firm on yield curve control, IMF signals upgrade to forecasts as optimism spreads at Davos, Messina Denaros arrest saps strength of the Sicilian mafia, Belarus opposition leader warns of massive disobedience if Alexander Lukashenko mobilises for Ukraine war, Morgan Stanley retains edge over Goldman Sachs due to booming wealth unit, Peltz fixates on $71bn Fox deal in fight against Disney and Iger, Western banks struggle to exit Russia after Putin intervention, Jim Ratcliffe enters race to buy Manchester United, Live news: Zelenskyy urges Ukraines allies to speed up weapons deliveries, Norway fund chief warns at Davos of very, very low returns for stocks, Global oil demand set to reach record high as China reopens, IEA says, Russias energy weapon fails to fire as required, We must tackle the looming global debt crisis before its too late, There is no path to lasting Russian victory, Wanted: older workers for flexible and desirable jobs, Tyler Cowen: Economists cant predict the effects of new technologies. Volkswagen USA, where the events causing the scandal took place, had a different governance structure, with no workers on the board. This article examines the Volkswagen emissions scandal in terms of corporate governance failure. Therefore, a fair judgement would be that the provision of performance-related pay may be tied directly to the governance failure of Volkswagen. In fact, one of the main tasks of The defeat device did not only violate the Clean Air Act and cheat people into false carbon emissions test, but also the bigger picture is outlined with regards to various effects on stakeholders. When adding sympathy and emotions, the perspective towards deontology may arguably change. Its reasonable to suppose that moral courage was either insufficient at VW or absent altogether. Leadership lessons from the Volkswagen scandal. Get in touch. The VW crisis is the result of a three-pronged governance and culture failure. Atawnah, Nader Volkswagen's history of corporate governance has raised questions from market analysts and proxy advisors over a long period, and may well be the petri dish for corporate calamity. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. For us, good corporate governance not only forms the basis for lasting success; it is also an important prerequisite for strengthening the trust of our stakeholders in our work. View Essay - VOLKSWAGEN SCANDAL (1).docx from BUS 223 at Moi University. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. This is a short preview of the document. Marketing is about driving sales (excuse the pun) and crisp environmental messages . 20 Volkswagen, The Volkswagen Group is moving ahead: Investigation, customer solutions, realignment, Conference Press, Dec. 10, 2015, at 14. 7 United States Department of Justice, Federal Prosecutions of Business Organizations, Online : http://www.justice.gov/usam/usam-9-28000-principles-federal-prosecution-business-organizations (last accessed Feb. 26, 2016). The problem is that with global sales, it quickly becomes a political issue. Volkswagen says 1.2 million UK vehicles affected by emissions scandal. Some recommendations are also outlined as possible guidelines for Volkswagen. Within prevailing social relations, there is no necessary connection between the individual/private good and the social/ecological/public good. 2022. The agency had found that Volkswagen had intentionally programmed turbocharged direct injection (TDI) diesel engines to activate their . Corporate governance establishes a framework for managing and supervising a company. The German Corporate Governance Code contains recommendations and suggestions for good and responsible corporate management and supervision. 2019. Furlan Alves, Marcelo Berbone This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Dragomir, Voicu D. The conclusion finds a similarity between Western and Eastern ethical intentions, and suggests a future research that can take both factions out of their current contexts and study the ethical theories as they would be in the absence of antagonistic and protagonistic differences. We argue that each of these elements of the VW ownership and governance structure contributed in varying degrees to the board failure of oversight that led to the management decision to evade emissions regulations. 35 is accepted for publication in Business Ethics: A . This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Only such a social identity serves to check the problem of the free rider. Mocciaro Li Destri, Arabella personalising content and ads, providing social media features and to 29 Volkswagen, Annual Report 2007 Driving Ideas, at 22, Online: http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/info_center/en/publications/2008/03/Annual_Report_2007.bin.html/binarystorageitem/file/VW_AG_GB_2007_en.pdf (last accessed Feb. 9, 2016). All major European car makers have invested heavily in diesel technology and are dependent on the sales of diesel cars. Their reputation was horribly ruined because of a mega scandal. 37-53Google Scholar; Ejan Mackaay and Stphane Rousseau, Analyse conomique du droit, 2nd ed., (Paris: Dalloz), 2008, p. 512523, 526-544, 545 and ff. Charles M. Elson, Craig K. Ferrere and Nicholas J. Goossen recently published a short article (1) in which they analize the corporate governance flaws that might have led to the recent Volkswagen scandal related to fraud in the polluting emissions metrics disclosed for their diesel vehicles. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. and Chung, Namho Cambridge University Press (www.cambridge.org) is the publishing division of the University of Cambridge, one of the worlds leading research institutions and winner of 81 Nobel Prizes. To demand that such an individual serve the common good and live the virtuous life is to expect an altruism which, within prevailing social relations, is irrational, a sacrifice of a tangible and immediate individual self-interest for a vague and intangible general interest. I also completely agree that the ethical behavior, or lack there of, This research participates to those papers through the usage and emphasis of its critique and analytic research as the foundation of tackling the Volkswagen emission scandal. Wall Street Journal, Nov. 27, 2015, Online: http://www.wsj.com/articles/audi-engines-implicated-in-emissions-scandal-1448575533 (last accessed Feb. 9, 2016); Richard Milne, Volkswagen seeks greater efficiency with new executive team, Financial Times, Dec. 17, 2015; Monica Houston-Waesch, Volkswagen Sales Drop for First Time in 13 Years; Auto maker's global sales fell 2% in 2015 as emissions-cheating scandal hit company, Wall Street Journal (Online), Jan. 8, 2016; Oscar Williams-Grut, CREDIT SUISSE: The Emission scandal could cost Volkswagen 78 billion and shares need to fall another 20%, Business Insider Australia, Oct. 2, 2015, Online: http://www.businessinsider.com.au/credit-suisse-volkswagen-shares-could-fall-another-20-2015-10 (last accessed Feb. 9, 2016); Aruna Viswanatha and Mike Spector, Shares Fall on Fears of U.S. Penalty; Investors worry German auto maker could face bigger than $18 billion first estimated, Wall Street Journal (Online), Jan. 5, 2016; William Boston, Volkswagen Begins Recall of Diesel Cars in Europe, Wall Street Journal, Jan. 28, 2016. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. The book presents alternative ways of life that can help us create an ecological society. For issues on a scale as large as this, there should be a sound whistle blowing system in place to alert the correct people of such instances, so action can be taken before any issue further escalates. Volkswagen faces a backlash over corporate governance and pay at its annual shareholder meeting on Wednesday as critics accuse the group of allowing standards to deteriorate since the 2015 diesel . The Volkswagen scandal from the viewpoint of corporate governance. Could a more rigorous employment process be introduced to stop people with these capabilities from slipping through the fingers of HR's controls? It has been suggested that the Porsche and Pich family, the state government and Qatari fund all give up half of their seats on the supervisory board. Locke, Edwin A. and Latham, Gary P., Building a Practically Useful Theory of Goal Setting and Task Motivation A 35 Year Odyssey, 57(9) American Psychologist (2002), 705717 Picone, Pasquale Massimo Many of these journals are the leading academic publications in their fields and together they form one of the most valuable and comprehensive bodies of research available today. The EPA's findings cover 482,000 cars in the US only, including the. Conn. L. Rev. Indirect blindness comes in when I, the executive, do not actually participate in the unethical behavior but rather, someone on the lower rungs of the organization actually creates the transactions necessary for the unethical behavior to succeed, Hood says. 6 Kenneth R. Gray, Larry A. Frieder and George W. Clark Jr., ibid. Any overall good that may result from such self-interested behaviour is indirect. This made it difficult for the workers on the board in Germany to stay in close touch with what took place there. Corporate governance scholarship has long considered the problems that arise in public companies with dispersed ownership. Has data issue: true 12, iss.2, Article 7 Bond Law Review (2000), Online : http://epublications.bond.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1194&context=blr(last accessed Feb. 27, 2016) ; Government Commission, German Corporate Governance Code, as revised on May 5, 2015, Online : http://www.dcgk.de//files/dcgk/usercontent/en/download/code/2015-05-05_Corporate_Governance_Code_EN.pdf (last accessed Feb. 27, 2015). Corporate governance is defined as responsible, transparent corporate management and supervision that aim to add long-term value. 1 Beginning or period of membership of the Supervisory Board. organisation 8991 ; Roger Baker, Stuart Weinstein and Charles Wild, Risk management and the board of directors: lessons to be learned from UBS, supra note 9, pp. 32 Volkswagen, Annual Report 2014, see the Corporate Governance Report. Competition and rivalry can certainly lead to unethical behavior as the perception of rivalry creates in (and out) groups, Hood says. Good corporate governance is important in management of all organizations. What makes this a compelling case study is their fall to a disgraceful position and attempt at an image makeover. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Fiat Chrysler has done the same, Renault as well. I do emphasise agency, meaning, will and values in a participatory and creative universe. Compare Standard and Premium Digital here. All of which begs the question of how to create the happy habitus (eudaimonia = flourishing) which enables us to acquire and exercise the virtues, construct the right character, develop the right habits and create capabilities. There is a tough market in America for cars, and as previously discussed there are strict emissions standards in the US. The company, not surprisingly, has suffered a major hit to its reputation and stock price. The Volkswagen emissions scandal, sometimes known as Dieselgate or Emissionsgate, began in September 2015, when the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a notice of violation of the Clean Air Act to German automaker Volkswagen Group. The result, though, is that individual freedom and reason generates a collective unfreedom and unreason (call it the crisis in the climate system and looming eco-catastrophe). Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. 2016 Cambridge University Press Business challenges and realities create conditions that favor governance failure through unethical conduct hence the need for . The Volkswagen scandal shows that corporate culture matters Economics alone struggles to explain the German carmaker's disastrous choices Robert Armstrong Robert Armstrong January 13 2017 Receive. Experts say ethics took back seat in corporate culture The scandal over Volkswagen's rigged emissions testing, which has led to criminal charges and has so far cost the company more than $20 billion in fines, penalties and other legal settlements, can be blamed largely on the automaker's corporate culture. This usually leads to advantageous comparison wherein you look at yourself and say what I am doing is not nearly as bad as what my competitor is doing or I have to do this in order to make this a level playing field.. It details these cases - and discusses the causes and ramification of these corporate scandals. Gatzert, Nadine Since people need their jobs, they interpret the exec as saying do whatever it takes and I will tacitly approve, Hood says. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. 3 Volkswagen, News: Volkswagen making good progress with its investigation, technical solutions, and Group realignment, Dec. 10, 2015: Online: http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/info_center/en/news/2015/12/VW_PK.html (last accessed Feb. 9, 2016). Baker, Roger, Weinstein, Stuart and Wild, Charles, Risk management and the board of directors: lessons to be learned from UBS, in Weinstein, Stuart and Wild, Charles (eds. This will represent fresh blood to re-establish credibility, that is a prerequisite for a return to normality according to Christian Strenger, member of Germanys corporate governance commission, Well, yes. Litzky, Barry E., Eddleston, Kimberly A. and Kidder, Deborah L., The Good, the Bad, and the Misguided: How Managers Inadvertantly Encourage Deviant Behaviors, 20(10) Academy of Management Perspectives (2006), pp. It has been suggested that the Porsche and Pich family, the state government and Qatari fund all give up half of their seats on the supervisory board. However, it is seems that size may have contributed to the unawareness of the defeat device installation in thousands of VW cars. Independent testing group, The International Council on Clean Transportation, were left intrigued at how VW could clean its diesel fuel with impressive environmental effects. 4 This Article refers to the crucial role assigned to the board of directors in a one-tier board structure, as prescribed under American and Canadian corporation law as well as to the management board and supervisory board in a two-tier board structure, as prescribed under German stock corporation law. The journals wide scope encourages exploration of public health, safety and environmental aspects of pharmaceuticals, food and other consumer products alongside a wider interpretation of risk, which includes financial regulation, technology-related risks, natural disasters and terrorism. July 7, 2005. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Moshinsky, B (2015) reports how authorities confronted VW on their findings of evidence on the software scandal. With regard to a change in Volkswagens corporate structure that has been deemed responsible for fostering a dysfunctional corporate culture at VW, it is clear the structure of the supervisory board must change. Either way, both can end up being used as a defense by leadership in behavior and a response when wrongdoing is exposed and scandal is underway, even if considered unprofessional, unconvincing and a failed attempt at absolving oneself of responsibility. The financial hit, significant. Gordon, Jeffrey N., Governance Failures of the Enron Board and the New Information Order of Sarbanes-Oxley, 35 for this article. This indicates that the priorities of board members were not always consistent, and the board were not always focused on what was most important for the company. "useRatesEcommerce": false The company was accused of several failings, including how it effectively paid people less than minimum wage, as . Running Head: Volkswagen Corporate Governance Scandal 1 VOLKSWAGEN CORPORATE GOVERNANCE SCANDAL By [Name] Course Professor's Young, Michael R., Financial Fraud Prevention and Detection: Governance and Effective Practices, (Hoboken: Wiley, 2014), p. 10 and ffGoogle Scholar. European Journal of Risk Regulation is an interdisciplinary forum bringing together legal practitioners, academics, risk analysts and policymakers in a dialogue on how risks to individuals health, safety and the environment are regulated across policy domains globally. ABSTRACT This post discusses a selected group of documents related to general leadership theories in ethics and some dilemmas presented through them. Michael Toebeis a reputation specialist who serves individuals and organizations. Google Scholar; The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". This was especially notable in the aftermath of the Volkswagen scandal. What is the practical relevance of ethics and philosophy? 21 Volkswagen, News: Volkswagen making good progress with its investigation, technical solutions, and Group realignment, supra note 3, at 2. European Journal of Economics and Business Studies, Theoretical Article on the concept of ethics and journalism practice in Nigeria for Mass Communication Students, Corporate Social Responsibility: A Three-Domain Approach, Business ethics: A literature review with a focus on marketing ethics, Nigerian Building Professionals' Ethical Ideology and Perceived Ethical Judgement, Being and Place: Reason, Nature and Society, LEADERSHIP ETHICS A Discussion of Ethical Leadership Theories & Dilemmas, THE BUG AT VOLKSWAGEN: LESSONS IN CO-DETERMINATION, OWNERSHIP AND BOARD STRUCTURE, The ethics of shareholder value: Duty, rights & football, Accounting Theory and Practice: the Ethical Dimension, THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES ON ETHICAL DECISION MAKING: EXPLORATORY STUDY, Business Ethics: a Helpful Hybrid In Search of Integrity, Buku 1 business ethics third edition laurap 140926035658 phpapp, Accountingandbusinessethicsanintroduction 131023180153 phpapp, PART 1 SEEING THE MORAL DIMENSION IN BUSINESS, A Narrative Review Of Ethics Theories: Teleological &Deontological Ethics, BUSINESS ETHICS TEXT BOOK PROF DR C KARTHIKEYAN PDF[1], Managing Impressions Rather Than Emissions: Volkswagen and the false mastery of paradox, Volkswagen -The Failure of Perfection and Moral Hazard: What Price Victory, A Fresh Apple or a New Barrel: Business Ethics from an Individual to Corporate Level. Combined, these shareholders account for almost 90% of the voting rights of the shares. In Germany, stock corporation law provides for a mandatory two-tier board structure which includes a supervisory board and a management board. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. The key question is this: Is humanity capable of creating institutions and sustaining practices that are geared to the long-range collective good, or are we irrevocably short-term thinkers? There are a number of ethical models, such as the Rest Model, Kohlbergs stages of moral development and the Jones Moral Intensity model, but as Ann Tenbrunsel and Max Bazerman point out, most of the time, the decision-makers have not classified the dilemma as an ethical issue, he says. analyse how our Sites are used. Change the plan you will roll onto at any time during your trial by visiting the Settings & Account section. Google Scholar. Many officials at Volkswagen were unaware of any wrongdoing, although this suggests the company can be salvaged and there are people at the top that can help turn this back around. ), Legal Risk, Management, Governance and Compliance: A Guide to Best Practice from Leading Experts, (London: Globe Law and Business, 2013), 165, p. 175 2014 Environmental Protection Agency Investigation begins. Scholz, Hendrik In 2015, the company confessed to cheating emissions tests on 11 million vehicles across the globe. Buried beneath the headlines about the recent revelations at Volkswagen are some worrying details, reminiscent of the banking crisis. The case is a detailed 'inside' account of the 'dieselgate' scandal at Volkswagen which revealed how engineers had programmed software that enabled its card to cheat emissions tests. As the Volkswagen case has shown, a better place to locate business ethics is in practical modes of dissent and disturbance to corporate sovereignty arising within civil society. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Then, the board was a close-knit bunch at Volkswagen headquarters. You may change or cancel your subscription or trial at any time online. This idea is reinforced by (Daniel) Kahnemans work on the System 1 (automatic) and System 2 (rational deliberation) thinking.. View Essay - DB1 Beardsley Reply 1 from BUSI 561 at Liberty University. riorities of board members were not always consistent, and the board were not always focused on what was most important for the company. A few days ago, Herbert Diess, CEO of Volkswagen Group, shared some thoughts on LinkedIn. If youd like to retain your premium access and save 20%, you can opt to pay annually at the end of the trial. Despite the emissions scandal, VW has achieved remarkable rates of growth in the past few years. Moon, Joonho "The governance of Volkswagen was a breeding ground for scandal," said Charles M. Elson, professor of finance and director of the John L. Weinberg Center for Corporate Governance at the . its a case study and you have to make power point presenation of around 4-5 slides for the below two questions Volkswagen governance crisis 1.Which stakeholders were best represented in Volkswagen's corporate governance and where were the failures in the governance chain? Investors used the meeting in Hanover to criticise the German company's board for its handling of the scandal and call for a dramatic overhaul of its corporate governance. 2021. } The cold and difficult truth is investigators, the law, the media and the public dont buy this type of defense. This sole independent director is therefore not entirely independent. This data supplements in the issues introduced in the Quick Guide " Introduction to Corporate Governance ." Crte, Raymonde and Rousseau, Stphane, Droit des socits par actions, 3rd ed., (Montral : ditions Thmis), 2011, pp. This pressure could indeed have played a key part in convincing employees to push the boundaries and cheat the system. Goal Setting: a motivational technique that works! Welcome to CCI. Volkswagens good name has been tarnished regularly in the media in the last four years over its low-level decision-making and irresponsibility. At their heart are some stark lessons for leaders and organisations; lessons that firms have been slow to learn, but which will not go away and need to be addressed. In summary, the deficiencies that led to both the emissions scandal itself, and delayed discovery of the scandal, are a result of ineffective internal controls to uncover improper activity and poor risk management by VWs Management and Supervisory Boards, Additionally, Lower Saxony, holding 20% of the voting rights has a blocking minority normally reserved for investors with at least 25%, . On September 3rd 2015, VW finally admitted the allegations of installing cars altered with an illegal device. There are three major problems from a corporate governance standpoint with the Volkswagen board. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. After deep analysis, Volkswagen's corporate culture was ruled by fear and managers were exposed to pressure methods. 2.What should Volkswagen have done with regard to governance and management after the resignation of Martin Winterkorn . It does also highlight the need for serious improvement in terms of the firm's internal controls. LEADERSHIP ETHICS A Discussion of Ethical Leadership Theories & Dilemmas. Thats historical, with the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) calling it the largest consumer redress program in U.S. history.. A major priority for the state is to protect jobs and employment, and as a result sides more naturally with the employee and trad, e union representatives who make up the other half of the board. 170-172; International Federation of Accountants, Rebuilding Public Confidence in Financial Reporting, An International Perspective, August 2003, pp. Want a weekly round-up in your inbox? With motivated blindness, I am willing to overlook things because it is easy for me to overcome internal objections as I am motivated to succeed. When you get into large organizations such as these, it is easier to diffuse responsibility through psychological distance from the victims as well as the actual act of committing the fraud.. 9 Over 22 years after auto analyst Maryann Keller predicted the company would become market leader, the Wolfsburg-based manufacturer finally beat Toyota to the top spot. Additionally, Lower Saxony, holding 20% of the voting rights has a blocking minority normally reserved for investors with at least 25% (Gordon, 2016). With the FTC recently filing the final court summary on the case, Michael Toebe reflects on the crisis that leveled the companys reputation. 30 Volkswagen, Annual Report 2009, at 198, Online: http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/info_center/en/publications/2010/03/Annual_Report_2009.bin.html/binarystorageitem/file/Y_2009_e.pdf (last accessed Feb. 9, 2016. 2019. 326329, 355-367Google Scholar ; in the EU Member States, the law of business corporations provides for a one-tier board structure or a two-tier board structure : see Carsten Gerner-Beuerle, Philipp Paech and Edmund Philipp Schuster, Study on Directors Duties and Liabilities, Report prepared for the European Commission DG Markt, London, April 2013, Online : http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/company/docs/board/2013-study-analysis_en.pdf (last accessed Feb. 27, 2016). Volkswagen Corporate Governance Failure - Free Case Study Connect on Whatsapp : +97143393999, Uninterrupted Access 24x7, 100% Confidential. He regularly writes on communication, ethics, governance, conflicts, scandal, reputation and crisis. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. hasContentIssue true, Copyright Cambridge University Press 2016. Premium Digital includes access to our premier business column, Lex, as well as 15 curated newsletters covering key business themes with original, in-depth reporting.
Elishia Mckellar And William Blackburn Connection,
Candied Peel Recipe Mary Berry,
Burnsville Baseball Tournament 2022,
Can You Downshift A Lenco Transmission,
Articles T
