If we cannot ask questions of each, we cannot learn from each other. MzUxODVlY2FhZWY1NDI0ODk1YmJiMjgxY2QyNzFkYzExN2Y3ZTM5NTUyODgy The Drill Halls project: http://www.drillhalls.org P.S. Learn about the American Navy and your career opportunities within the U.S. Armed Forces. LVA stands for Lieutenant Vice Admiral in terms of royal navy ranks. It's not just French dialects: consider modern French "neuf" ("nine") < "novem", "neuf" (new) < "novum", "boeuf" ("bull") < "bovem", "naf" ("naive") < "nativum". In the US Navy, roles include lieutenant junior grade (LT JG . A place where magic is studied and practiced? The U.S. Army, Air Force, and Marines have second lieutenants (2nd Lt.) and first lieutenants (1st Lt.). [1] The rank of Engineer Lieutenant-Commander replaced Engineer Lieutenant (Senior List) in 1914. The most common pronunciation I've heard - without my being sufficiently erudite to use the phonetics described earlier with any confidence - approximates to 'l'vtenant'. The British didn't much like the French at one timeand anglicised words that my be mistaken as french. Lieutenants formed the backbone of the officer corps, being the most numerous class of officer. 'pa pdd chac-sb tc-bd bw hbr-20 hbss lpt-25' : 'hdn'">, Test your vocabulary with our fun image quizzes, Clear explanations of natural written and spoken English. English is a rhotic language. As far as I'm aware the English/British pronunciation is and has always been "leftenant". Over time the word "locum" evolved into the French word "lieu", which is pronounced in French as it is spelled. I have always thought that Lieutenant (lootenant) ie., a tenant in lieu of another as in subaltern ie., under another, or alternate makes more sense than lieutenant (left-tenant). Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Don't you think it's time to put away our swords, or in this case, hateful words? I really like that "u"/"v" explanation! Lincolnshire Regiment who died 05/03/1916 CITE BONJEAN MILITARY CEMETERY, ARMENTIERES France ' One of his wounds was a stab in the mouth which partially mangled his tongue, when he arrived at camp the next day he went to the colonels office and the Colonel asked him his name, because of his wound he pronounced it 'leftenant' and because of the relation to his name 'lefting' his pronunciation of 'leutenant' and the fact that he was left on the battlefield, that battalion changed the traditional word 'leutenant' to 'leftenant' I suppose after the story was spread it just kind of stuck. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. var mydate=new Date() A newspaper quot. Lieut. And lieutenant means place keeper (lit. Y2NhNTQ5OGQzMmZjYjFiODhkOWIzZDZiY2U2YWE2ZjI5MWQwMWQ3ODM5NjYx Kansans For Fair Courts. Etymonline indicates that spelling with lef- dates to the 14th century, but that the origins of that spelling (and presumably its associated pronunciation) are mysterious. lieutenant pronunciation royal navy The RAAF pronunciation doesn't make a lot of sense, as the rank Flight Lieutenant is modelled off the Navy rank of Lieutenant and is senior to an Army Lieutenant. Although lieutenants are no longer numbered by seniority, the post of "first lieutenant" remains. The word in the example sentence does not match the entry word. While it will always remain a mystery, I think that this goes back to the OF pronunciation of "lieu" to sound like "lyeuch". This little story offers another simple explanation of the inserted "F" in the pronunciation. The first lieutenant (1st Lt or 1LT) in the Royal Navy and other Commonwealth navies, is a post or appointment, rather than a rank. dailyinfo[3]=' 45 Gunner HAZURA SINGH 31st Mountain Battery Indian Mountain Artillery who died 03/03/1920 TEHRAN MEMORIAL Iranm ' British Admirals, 1889-1919. MWU4NTc0MTMwMDVlZTlkY2YwYzQ3MGY4OGE2M2NmODUyODVhODRlODUyNWU4 In the Royal Navy, the pronunciation used to be "L'tenant" but never "Lootenant". Here's a link to an article that explains the whole thing: http://mentalfloss.com/article/29761/when-did-americans-lose-their-british-accents Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus. The most prevalent opinion seems to be down to the Roman Latin use of the letter "V" in place of a "U". Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. The OED has several early occurrences spelt with an f including the earliest, 1387, "leeftenaunt".http://oed.com/public/contactus/contact-us. MILITARY HISTORY, Even later, when the Americans cuddled up to the French during the revolutionary war, their pronunciation changed to follow the french term. or LIEF a. He purposely spelt words differently in a bid to separate the newly independent Americans from the English. Get ready to join Want to be prepared? In the U.S. Navy or U.S. Coast Guard, the billet of first lieutenant describes the officer in charge of the deck department or division, depending on the size of the ship. I just could not find a suitable spelling for the intonation of the voice - still cannot actually, but Le'tenant is about it !! YzgwZjg2NDUyYjE0NDdhYWUzZDE5NGQ2MjJjNzJkMmNiZTA1MjJiMTI5NmE2 Applications of mathematics to warfare I come from a military family and have been raised pronouncing Lieutenant as Leftenant. According to More Word Histories and Mysteries: From Aardvark to Zombie (American Heritage Dictionary), the origin of the pronunciation with /f/ is not known with any certainty, but similar pronunciations are attested in Middle English times by such spellings as leuftenant, luffetenand, and levetenaunt. devil rays jersey 2021; In the Royal Navy it isn't. Why exactly do the British say lieutenant as ''leftenant . Commander if (dailyinfo[daym] != "") { document.write(fontstart+dailyinfo[daym]+fontend) } In 1793 Walker gives the actual pronunciations as (lev- liv-tenant), but expresses the hope that ' the regular sound, lewtenant' will in time become current. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Royal Horse Artillery who died 21/02/1917 GUARDS CEMETERY, COMBLES France ' samedi 19 fvrier 1898, Journaux, Montreal (Qubec) :The Herald Publishing Company,1896-1899 To say that the British English don't speak true English is just pure ignorance. My code is GPL licensed, can I issue a license to have my code be distributed in a specific MIT licensed project? c2lnbmF0dXJlIjoiOTY1ZWYxYjAzMzZiMTI2MDIyYThlMDg5YzE4OGRhY2Yy As the head tenant became richer he was able to pay for a knight to stand in lieu of him. The Yanks call it "lootenant" across the board. The Lieutenant always had someone guarding the sword when the Commanding Officer was wearing it. dailyinfo[2]=' 8020 Serjeant Charles POOLE "C" Coy. Royal Canadian Navy: Canadian Forces (Force Mobile Command, Air Command) Royal Canadian . I have some 18th Century New England ancestors who were named "Zerviah, although much of the time the name shows up as "Zeruiah" (which is virtually impossible to pronounce). Generated by Wordfence at Sat, 4 Mar 2023 16:59:28 GMT.Your computer's time: document.write(new Date().toUTCString());. One could explain this the influence of non-British immigrants applying standard French pronunciation to a word with apparently obvious French origins. The lower ranked soldier on the "left" protected the senior officers left side. Please show me a source for this in and Old French dictionary. There is a rarely used word, lief, which I see in old books in phrases like "I'd as lief jump off this wall as " and I think it is another spelling and pronunciation of lieu. Nothing like a bunch of egos giving their opinions Where's that "Hot for Words" Russian sweetheart when you need her ??? 0 && stateHdr.searchDesk ? great lakes hockey league salary Top Bar. Most English speaking nations, with the exception of the United States, still pronounce the word as though there is an "f" in it. If you really wanted to check, the Oxford English Dictionary staff might be able to advise. dailyinfo[11]=' Captain Charles Edmund WOOD Mentioned in Despatches Adjt. . What is a word for the arcane equivalent of a monastery? This pattern was copied by the United States Navy, the United States Coast Guard, United States Public Health Service (USPHS) Commissioned Corps the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps (NOAA Corps), and various air forces (primarily those of the United Kingdom, British Commonwealth, and nations formerly aligned with the Crown) for their equivalent ranks and grades, except that the executive curl is removed (see flight lieutenant). Many navies also use a subordinate rank of sub-lieutenant. Who were the models in Van Halen's finish what you started video? The pronunciation being very difficult for English speaker. !- perish the thought ?? dailyinfo[28]=' 19673 Leading Aircraftman Samuel Ambrose TICKNER Meritorious Service Medal No. To qualify an officer to receive a Lieutenant's Commission he must have attained the full age of 19 years, and have been borne on the Books of, and actually served in, one or more of Her Majesty's Ships not less than five complete years, eighteen months as a Cadet and three years and six months as a Midshipman, and shall have passed such Worcestershire Regiment who died 23/02/1915 LOKER CHURCHYARD Belgium ' Acting Sub-Lieutenant Simon Ledsham Simon Ledsham values that his opinions and recommendations are taken into consideration by his ships Captain, only 5 weeks into his Naval career. eyJtZXNzYWdlIjoiYWI0NjU5MTI5OWU1ZmVmYzM1NWQ2Y2M3ZmJjYmU0OTE3 So it's clear variants of both were in use in England in the 14th century. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Lieutenant Commander RN: Step 13: 74,047: Step 12: 72,595: Step 11: 71,171 . For a great example of Elizabethan Pronunciation (which, by the by, was used over 200 years BEFORE the RP non-rhotic pronunciation became popular) check out this youtube link here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gPlpphT7n9s. The meaning of lieutenant differs in different militaries, but is often subdivided into senior and junior ranks. Of means to show ownership. Of course- this is opinion and I have been wrong before. var fontend = '' Definitely not "left" or "loo". ~~~ They also changed German Shephard dog to Alsatian. The French don't swap v & u, but their Latin Roman ancestors did; as do the Semites (Phoenicians &/or Hebrews). This would suggest that the word was originally French, and the leftenant pronunciation is down to some poor transliteration during the middle ages. As for the Rhotic accents (i.e. esp. The interwebs is a wondrous place! The reason why people from the commonwealth say "lef-tenant" can probably be attributed to the U being misread as a V during the middle ages, which in turn developed into and F sound. Apply for a career in The Royal Canadian Navy Apply Now I think it's pronounced with an "f" sound (spelled v) in Russian as well. Appalachian accents are much twangier, but some have posited that Elizabethan English sounded a lot like Appalachian speak. It sure engenders some puzzled looks, but they are often followed by an "ah-ha" nod. See if you're eligible and learn more about the joining process. cecl for dummies; can you transfer doordash credits to another account; lieutenant pronunciation royal navy; June 22, 2022 . Both forms, whyever they exist, just happened to stick. Please see note on my profile.The project is currently dormant. Way back in the evolution of English as a language, the letters 'V' and 'U' were basically the same. Regional accents will always create some anomalies but those cases where there is an obvious sense in pronouncing as spelt - such as lieutenant - will disappear. different parts of the English speaking world. The "lefttenant" doesn't exist in French, at least, I didn't find it, I will search further. Lieutenant RAF? dailyinfo[29]=' Oberleutnant zur See Axel Carl Ludwig VON SCHOENERMARCK S.M.S. Left - tenant will eventually. OTRhYmFiNTY0ZjUxYzkwZTYyYjM1ODRkYmYyZmNjMjYxMGI4MjE1ZTgwNTc1 However, according to Etymonline, the OED rejects that theory. Have a definition for Lieutenant (Canada) ? Such is the case with the word lieutenant. lent to Royal Canadian Navy at Halifax, NS [HMCS Stadacona?] I'm glad I know now why it's pronounced that way and I thank you for the information. . Is it like . Please click for detailed translation, meaning, pronunciation and example sentences for lieutenant de l'ordre royal de victoria in English I was curious why it is pronounced that way by the British. No one can really say why in the British Army the word is pronounced "left-tenant" but it's notable that in the Royal Navy the pronunciation seems half way across the ocean. As Greene had gone into summer-quarters apparently, and the American partisans were just then quiet, his lordship left all his forces in charge of Stewart, went down to Charleston, and embarked for Europe to seek the restoration of his . [3] However, promotion may be quicker if a candidate has previous naval service and commissions from the ranks (upper yardsman/senior upper yardsman).[4]. YzJhODAzODZjNDA1OTNmMjQxYmVjZTlmYzI2Yzk4MDk5ZTMyODRjOGRhZjYy Sub Lieutenant - After one year as a Midshipman, officer cadets are automatically promoted to Sub-Lieutenant. Commissioned Royal Marine Gunner. The Oz did copy RN speak re Lieutenant, but this came about as RN were terribly wary that the LOOtenant as `spoke' by the `Old-Colonials' would creep in. Lieutenant [1] ( Lt; French: Lieutenant, lt) is a Canadian Forces rank used by commissioned officers of the Canadian Army or Royal Canadian Air Force. Drinking too much water is #1 on the list! lieutenant / ( lftnnt, US lutnnt) / noun a military officer holding commissioned rank immediately junior to a captain a naval officer holding commissioned rank immediately junior to a lieutenant commander US an officer in a police or fire department ranking immediately junior to a captain 1st Bn. Also hear how to pronounce 'COLONEL" correctly: https://youtu.be/YyiLRtxCWuE Listen and learn how to say Lieutenant correctly (military rank) with Julien, "h. WOW! 6 Reserve Lorry Park Royal Air Force who died 28/02/1919 BELGRADE CEMETERY Belgium ' We stung the pride of the Royal Navy more than anything. I like the guy's answer who referred to vowel shift -- English really had its most fundamemtal changes via the Celts (who were likely influenced by Phoenician sailors/explorers); see John McWhorter's "Our Magnificent Bastard Tongue". Old French is not one language, it's a bunch of dialects. . I do certainly appreciate that - I used to do freelance work for the OED - but I suppose what I was trying to say, and not as clearly as I might have done, is that diverging pronunciation doesn't always produce different meanings. 01.12.1952-(05.1953) HMS Orion (submarine) (07.1954) no appointment listed: 21.09.1954 : RN Torpedo Depot Antrim . The 2001 edition of the Concise Oxford Dictionary says 'left.' That said, it sounds downright silly to pronounce "lieu" as "left," but if Brits like it that way, it's fine with me. I suppose that the usage common in WW1 would have been what I was taught 35 years later. OTJmZWI4MDU3ZGQ3MTk1N2RiZTI1YjcxZDE2Njc3MzYzNmI4MjA4YmY1ZDdh Very true but 'english' is a composite of innumerable other languages often incorrectly pronounced or altered from the original spelling or even meaning. dailyinfo[31]=' 420628 Sapper William Bayne YOUNG 63rd Field Coy. The word was originally two Latin terms, "locum" meaning in place of, and "teneris" meaning holding, together the phrase applied to anyone "holding in place of" someone else. But I will offer that an American film viewed with subtitles does bring more symmetry than would one in the Queen's. Well thanks for that gem, Einstein. var month=mydate.getMonth()+1 The Royal Navy Shop is brought to you in association with Pussers Rum. I'm still not sure how on earth to pronounce it (even though I've had that "American Speech" article I quoted from for five years now). Captain -----BEGIN REPORT----- @BrianHooper I am not sure that is exactly correct. I looked at her carefully, Madam, I told you we have no ..CABBAFG.E cabbage ! She glared at me You idiot, theres no F in cabbage! I replied very slowly, Madam, thats what Ive been trying to tell you for the past five minutes!. Lieutenant. My 1933 edition of the Shorter Oxford states lef- in the UK and liu- in the US. Seems Ben was right on the Revolutionary War beint the dividing point of British and American pronunciation, but IMO, it's pronounced with the F or V sound because of the U/V being interchangable during that time. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Can't have that can we !! This was confirmed to me by Admiral (Rtd) Rufus Mckenzie during a drink in his home, also confirmed by his Lieutenant on HMS/m THRASHER Reggie Fitzgerald. -----END REPORT-----. The word was still pronounced loo. Thank the British for our language and New York, else we would be speaking Dutch in New Amsterdam (or however the Dutch spell it). Lieutenants and sub-lieutenants are equivalent to ranks with a NATO code of OF-1. Lieutenant[nb 1] (abbreviated Lt, LT (U.S.), LT(USN), Lieut and LEUT, depending on nation) is a commissioned officer rank in many English-speaking nations' navies and coast guards. The USN settled on "lieutenant commander" in 1862, and made it a distinct rank; the Royal Navy followed suit in March 1914. Royal Army Medical Corps who died 22/02/1919 NUNHEAD (ALL SAINTS) CEMETERY United Kingdom ' Royal Indian Navy rating (may be found spelt Tendal) Topass. Why are there 3 different ways to pronounce "oo"? While Americans (and possibly others) pronounce this as "loo-tenant", folks from the UK pronounce it as "lef-tenant". In smaller ships that have only a single deck division, the billet is typically filled by an ensign; while in larger ships, with a deck department consisting of multiple subordinate divisions, the billet may be filled by a lieutenant commander. Using Kolmogorov complexity to measure difficulty of problems? Royal Warwickshire Regiment who died 12/03/1918 ST. I was just curious but all of the above was both enlightening and entertaining. YWVmOGM3ZDZkNTJhNjYwMjlhNmI5MDBiYmViYjY1M2ZiNDA5MzFiYTc3YmQ5 Kings Royal Rifle Corps who died 02/03/1915 YPRES (MENIN GATE) MEMORIAL Belgium ' Thank you. Author has 1.9K answers and 1.2M answer views 3 y ~~~ More of an observation than fact. The members of the Army and Royal Air Force say "lef-tenant", but in the Royal Navy that's a solecism ("loo-tenant" there). Why does the ending -ough have six pronunciations? lieutenant de l'ordre royal de victoria English translation: lieutenants of the royal victorian order.. Instead, I found 20 or so different answers! Commonwealth and Non-British applicants The Royal Navy have removed the 5 year UK residency requirement for select roles. Therefore, the term leftenant developed. ivanti servicenow integration. As a language it is spoken throughout the world, which helps everyone. Or, as orthographic u and v were often used interchangeably, Anglophones for some reason hypercorrected their pronunciation to match the orthography, so: /l(j)u:tennt/ (or /l(j)ewtnnt/) Some sources claim that 'lieutenant' had alternative spellings such as leftenant, leftenaunt, lieftenant, lieftenaunt etc., and that the ModE pronunciation with /f/ (BrE mostly) is a holdover from those spellings. The early history of the pronunciation is unclear; . English Language & Usage Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for linguists, etymologists, and serious English language enthusiasts. JOHN THE BAPTIST, LAWRENCE AND ANN) CHURCHYARD United Kingdom ' I think a lot of younger people in the UK also do so. What about "Aluminum" as opposed to the original British English "Aluminium"?, "jelly" as opposed to "jam", "color" not "colour", "gray" instead of "grey"? How do you ensure that a red herring doesn't violate Chekhov's gun? I am sorry madam I responded, again trying to be helpful, what about some spinach or chard ? Now the lady became very angry and almost spat out the words, slowly and meanlyI told you I wanted a savoy S.A.VO.Y cabbage you idiot. Remembered Today: GWF is free to use so please support the Forum. ZjM1MTZmYWYxOTNiMzYxOGJmYTIxYWQ2ODkzZTMxYjY2YjU1MjYwOTE5MDU2 Commissioned officer rank in many nations' navies, For general information on the rank of lieutenant, including army and air force use, see, United States Public Health Service (USPHS) Commissioned Corps, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps, "Officer Ranks in the Royal Navy - Lieutenant", "Royal Navy Life | Shaping Your Career Progression", "BR3, Chapter 50 - Royal Navy Promotions", "Uniforms and Badges of Rank - Royal Navy website", "Tonga Defence Services (Amendment) Regulations 2009", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lieutenant_(navy)&oldid=1142680462, Military ranks of the United States Coast Guard, Articles containing Malay (macrolanguage)-language text, Instances of Lang-ur using second unnamed parameter, Articles containing Bislama-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 March 2023, at 20:25. DOPMA guidelines suggest that at least 95% of lieutenants (junior grade) should be promoted to lieutenant after serving a minimum of two years at the lower rank. I recall when joining the Canadian Navy back in the seventies that the pronunciation was more like "le tenant" or "luh tenant", not sure how to write it, and followed Royal Navy usage, so it was essentially a third way to pronounce the word. MzQyMzNiMTQ2MDU0MGY2YTM5MjUzMmExNThjMTRhYzM0ZGRmYmU2ZGM1OGRj Lieutenant salaries at Royal Navy can range from 44,510 - 55,095 per year. MTc1ZTU0OWMwZGM0ODA5OTc4OWQzYmQ1NmVjZGIzOWZhZjEyYWQwYzFiNGVh OTIwODg2MTA3MzFiMmMxNGMwOTczOThlZjQxNjdhNjY4NDFjOThlNDlkNDNk No one can really say why in the British Army the word is pronounced "left-tenant" but it's notable that in the Royal Navy the pronunciation seems half way across the ocean. Pronunciation of "Lieutenant" . You need to be a member in order to leave a comment. Seaforth Highlanders who died 20/03/1919 BEIRUT WAR CEMETERY Lebanese Republic ' In American English it is pronouced "lootenant". Many years ago as a student I took a summer job working in my local greengrocers shop. By the way I was a sub-lieutenant so did pay some attention to how to pronounce and especially how the captain pronounced it certainly never leftenant or lootenant. @BrianHooper Every member of the Royal Navy I've met (a considerable number, from a wide variety of branches) has pronounced it 'lef-tenant'. I am commenting to apologize to the Brits on behalf of the Americans who are NOT narrow-minded and appreciate other cultures. RAILWAYS, MALT WHISKY, REAL ALE AND WORLD BEERS, RUM, Upcoming changes to logging in - click here, GWF is free to use so please support the Forum. Born in Gateshead, Blake joined the RN in early 1939 and was assigned to the Fleet Air Arm for flight training. I, personally, have always pronounced it as lieu - tenant - because it simply makes sense to say it this way. This is 2013. They drop the "f" and say "le-tenant." What is a lieutenant called in England? ODU0OWY0ZTA0ZmIyNDgwYmI3MWViZDFmNDk4MDY2ODRiOWI4MDc5ODgyMWMw ODI4MDgzZTU0M2YzMjFhY2QwMTMyMTVlY2I2ZDM1MjAzYWQ5MWEwZjg3Yzdi I'm sorry for some of the rude comments produced by some of the Americans' answers. That could have something to do with it. It gives only Received Pronunciations, omitting variation between. What is Prince Williams rank? You could also serve in the Ministry of Defence. gold coast shark attack video; giant schnauzer service dog for sale ZjQ4ZDNiYjFjOTE0MWYyYzhkYTdhNGZjNTc3Y2IyYjIwM2M0MjAwZDNjNTQx lieutenant (n.) late 14c., "one who takes the place of another," from Old French lieu tenant "substitute, deputy," literally "place holder" (14c. The insignia of a lieutenant in many navies, including the Royal Navy,[5] consists of two medium gold braid stripes (top stripe with loop) on a navy blue or black background. Fast Forward to `Tot Commiseration Day', bloody Americans, (curse them & their DRY SHIPS which was a fore-runner), they were revolting in 1776 - and have remained so ever since !! Colonel and Lieutenant Colonel Colonels and Lieutenant Colonels owe their titles to the Sixteenth Century Spanish King Ferdinand. I encourage you to visit the. dailyinfo[1]=' Staff Nurse Edith Mary CAMMACK Associate of the Royal Red Cross, 2nd Class 4th Southern Gen. Hos. This spelling was to stick to the pronunciation, and not the opposite, as there is not "lefttenant" in old French. Add Definition English (UK) Pronunciation Dutch Pronunciation French (Canada) Pronunciation I think the people addressing the old U and V issue are on the right track, however I think a better explanation is that in old french, lieu was spelled luef. Check out Dr. Berg's Electrolyte Powder Here: https://drbrg.co/3xbvH0A I am not certain, but would guess that it may have been the American pronunciation which diverged when Noah Webster's Dictionary was published - he rationalized (according to his lights) spelling, and it may be that he tried to rationalize pronunciation too, especially given the US/French entente in the 18th century. The language continues to evolve rapidly, now including not only other languages but also computer words as well. At first, a lieutenant's commission was given only for the particular ship in which he served, but after the loss of HMS Wager in 1741 and the subsequent mutiny, the Royal Navy changed its policy and lieutenants were given more general commissions upon passing their examination.[1].
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