Most people (95%) who develop myocarditis after receiving a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine have only mild symptoms that go away within a few days.5 Vaccine-linked myocarditis is less likely to cause lingering heart problems than myocarditis due to COVID-19 illness. The .gov means its official. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Data sources: Klamer et al., 2022; Cordero et al., 2022; National Weather Service. Myocarditis was reported at a higher rate than expected among some people who received the Pfizer or Moderna vaccines, according to a July 2021 study. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Severe myocarditis can cause long-lasting heart damage or even death. Myocarditis linked with COVID-19 illness may also be more severe because these patients are usually older and have other health conditions that increase their risk of complications. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Crude reporting rates were calculated across age and sex strata. Members of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices COVID-19 Vaccines Safety Technical Work Group: Robert Hopkins, National Vaccine Advisory Committee; Kathryn Edwards, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Lisa Jackson, Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute; Jennifer Nelson: Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute; Laura Riley, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; Patricia Whitley-Williams, National Medical Association; Tatiana Beresnev, National Institutes of Health; Karen Farizo, Food and Drug Administration; Hui Lee Wong, Food and Drug Administration; Judith Steinberg, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; Matthew Clark, Indian Health Service; Mary Rubin, Health Resources & Services Administration; Fran Cunningham, Veterans Administration; Limone Collins, Department of Defense. (Jolygon/iStock via Getty Images) The risk of developing myocarditis - an inflammation of the heart muscle - following a booster dose of the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine is low, according to new research from Israel. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the ** The ACIP COVID-19 Vaccines Safety Technical (VaST) Work Group, comprising independent vaccine safety expert consultants, had also reviewed safety data on myocarditis after receipt of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines at its weekly meetings. The Researching COVID to Enhance Recovery (RECOVER) Initiative is taking place at 80 centers across the country. Your health care provider can provide more information thats specific to your situation. In the past few weeks, anti-vaxxers have rallied behind a nonpeer-reviewed study by a group of Canadian researchers as evidence against COVID-19 vaccines. Among teenage boys, the rate of myocarditis or pericarditis after infection was at least 50 cases per 100,000 people, compared to at least 22 cases per 100,000 after the second vaccine dose.. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. US researchers say teenagers are more likely to get vaccine-related myocarditis than end up in hospital with Covid Skip to main content Skip to navigation Print subscriptions No alternatives to mRNA COVID-19 vaccines for adolescents will be available for the foreseeable future, and vaccination of adolescents offers protection against COVID-19 that can be important for returning to educational, social, and extracurricular activities. Abbreviations: AV = atrioventricular; cMRI=cardiac magnetic resonance imaging; ECG or EKG=electrocardiogram. The y-axis range differs between panels A and B. Pericarditisis inflammation of the outer lining of the heart. Though both complications were rare, data from Ontario show higher rates of myocarditis and pericarditis with the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine than with the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, but the rates were lower for both vaccines if the spacing between receiving two doses was extended, according to a study late last week in JAMA Network Open.. Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle, and . 3 0 obj You can learn more about myocarditis symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment from the NHLBI. Only about 1 out of 100 cases of heart inflammation linked with COVID-19 vaccines is life-threatening.5 An analysis of 627 cases of vaccine-linked myocarditis worldwide showed that 626 fully recovered and one fatality.7. Key Points There have been more than 1,200 reported cases of a myocarditis or pericarditis mostly in people 30 and under who received Pfizer's or Moderna's Covid-19 vaccine, according to CDC. See this image and copyright information in PMC. Potential cases of postvaccine myocarditis were identified based on reports . DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7027e2external icon. The analysis assumed 95% vaccine effectiveness of 2 doses of a mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in preventing COVID-19 cases and hospitalization and assessed outcomes for a 120-day period. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Data were used for the most recent week not subject to reporting delays prior to the ACIP meeting. . Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. Buonsenso D, Munblit D, De Rose C, et al. January 07, 2022 The risk of myocarditis after immunization with mRNA-based vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 raised concerns when it came to light in early 2021. Patel, T., Kelleman, West, Z., M., Peter, A., Dove, M., Butto, A., & Oster, M. E. (2021). Health and Human Services. Approximately 96% of persons (784/813) were hospitalized and 87% (577/661) of these had resolution of presenting symptoms by hospital discharge. One thing we don't know is the real rate of myocarditis with the original two-dose primary series of Pfizer and Moderna. Vaccinating adolescents against SARS-CoV-2 in England: a risk-benefit analysis. After reports of myocarditis and pericarditis in mRNA vaccine recipients, which predominantly occurred in young males after the second dose, an ACIP meeting was rapidly convened to review reported cases of myocarditis and pericarditis and discuss the benefits and risks of mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in the United States. The ACIP COVID-19 Vaccines Work Group, comprising experts in infectious diseases, vaccinology, vaccine safety, public health, and ethics, has held weekly meetings since April 2020 to review COVID-19 surveillance data, evidence for vaccine efficacy and safety, and implementation considerations for COVID-19 vaccination programs. Chou, O., Zhou, J., Lee, T., Kot, T., Lee, S., Wai, A., Wong, W. T., Zhang, Q., Cheng, S. H., Liu, T., Vassiliou, V. S., Cheung, B., & Tse, G. (2022). In a population-based cohort study of adolescents and adults in Denmark who received two doses of the same mRNA vaccine against COVID, the risk of myocarditis or myopericarditis within 28 days. Descriptive study of reports of myocarditis to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) that occurred after mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine administration between December 2020 and August 2021 in 192 405 448 individuals older than 12 years of age in the US; data were processed by VAERS as of September 30, 2021. 2022 Jul 13;378:e069445. Side effects of COVID-19 vaccination are generally mild discomfort at the injection site, fatigue, and muscle aches and go away in a few days. Among teenaged boys the group with the highest risk of myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination the risk is between 2 and 5 times higher after SARS-CoV-2 infection than after vaccination.10, A study of children ages 12 to 17 in England estimated that COVID-19 vaccination prevented 4,500 hospitalizations, 300 ICU hospital stays, and 36 deaths during the summer of 2021 when infection rates were high.11, Children with myocarditis linked with vaccination are less likely to be hospitalized, admitted to the ICU, or need ventilator support, compared with children who had myocarditis after a COVID-19 diagnosis. Jerome Fleg, M.D., a program officer with the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, oversees and conducts research on heart disease. Broken down by age and sex, a second dose of the Moderna vaccine was associated with a higher rate of myocarditis or pericarditis compared with a second dose of the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine among males ages 18 to 24 (adjusted rate ratio 6.6; 95% CI 3.3-13.2) and 25 to 39 (adjusted rate ratio 5.1; 95% CI 2.3-11.5), as well as females ages 18 to . Most had other health conditions, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, or obesity, that raised their risk for serious COVID-19 illness.4. Information on how to submit a report to VAERS is available at https://vaers.hhs.gov/index.htmlexternal icon or 1-800-822-7967. Both Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines are mRNA vaccines encoding the stabilized prefusion spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. and transmitted securely. There were 13.3 cases of myocarditis per 100,000 in people 12 to 29 years old who got Moderna's vaccine compared to 2.7 cases per 100,000 people in that age group that got the Pfizer vaccine. We dont know exactly how often this happens, but one study estimated that myocarditis affects about 40 people out of every 1,000,000 people who test positive for COVID-19.3 However, myocarditis is much more common in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 (226 per 100,000). In cases of v-safe reports that include possible medically attended health events, CDCs v-safe call center follows up with the vaccine recipient to collect additional information for completion of a VAERS report. Yes. Getting vaccinated to prevent severe COVID-19 cuts your risk of myocarditis. Klamer, T. A., Linschoten, M., & Asselbergs, F. W. (2022). Within the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) (4), the national vaccine safety passive monitoring system, 1,226 reports of myocarditis after mRNA vaccination were received during December 29, 2020June 11, 2021. 5 Vaccine-linked myocarditis is less likely to cause lingering heart problems than myocarditis due to COVID-19 illness. Myocarditis Following Immunization With mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines in Members of the US Military. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. Active monitoring includes reviewing data and medical records and evaluating the relationship toCOVID-19vaccination. The risk after both doses of the Moderna vaccine in people age 18 to 39 was as much as 37 times as high as in the general population, and the rate after two doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. Montgomery J, Ryan M, Engler R, Hoffman D, McClenathan B, Collins L, Loran D, Hrncir D, Herring K, Platzer M, Adams N, Sanou A, Cooper LT Jr. JAMA Cardiol. References to non-CDC sites on the Internet are Among all participants aged 16 to 24, myocarditis rates were 18.8 and 4.4 per 100,000 person-years for males and females, respectively. Questions or messages regarding errors in formatting should be addressed to 2 0 obj J Med Toxicol. 8600 Rockville Pike But the risk of myocarditis associated with the vaccine was lower than the risk associated with COVID-19 infection before or after vaccination - with one exception. Among 192 405 448 persons receiving a total of 354 100 845 mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines during the study period, there were 1991 reports of myocarditis to VAERS and 1626 of these reports met the case definition of myocarditis. After reports of myocarditis, the work group met twice to review clinical trial and postauthorization safety data for myocarditis after receipt of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. Id really like everyone to understand that the benefits of the COVID-19 vaccines strongly outweigh the very small risk of serious side effects. Myocarditis rates from Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD), based on electronic health records, were also evaluated. What are the implications for public health practice? Hromi-Jahjefendi A, Barh D, Uversky V, Aljabali AA, Tambuwala MM, Alzahrani KJ, Alzahrani FM, Alshammeri S, Lundstrom K. Vaccines (Basel). Drs Barnett, Ruberg, and Smith reported receiving grants from Pfizer. Accessed June 29, 2022, from. Myocarditis reporting rates were 40.6 cases per million second doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines administered to males aged 1229 years and 2.4 per million second doses administered to males aged 30 years; reporting rates among females in these age groups were 4.2 and 1.0 per million second doses, respectively. Dr Soslow reported receiving personal fees from Esperare. Healthcare Providers: For additional recommendations and clinical guidance, visit Clinical Considerations: Myocarditis after mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines. FLEG: The bottom line is this: The benefits of getting vaccinated markedly outweigh the very small risk of vaccine-related myocarditis. Presence of 2 new or worsening of the following clinical features: new ST-elevation or PR-depression on EKG, new or worsening pericardial effusion on echocardiogram or MRI. Law, Y. M., Lal, A. K., Chen, S., ihkov, D., Cooper, L. T., Jr, Deshpande, S., Godown, J., Grosse-Wortmann, L., Robinson, J. D., Towbin, J. * Persons who lack the listed symptoms but who meet other criteria may be classified as subclinical myocarditis (probable or confirmed). Using the Dallas criteria (Aretz HT, Billingham ME, Edwards WD, et al. Lancet. Information about CDCs ongoing study of myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination can be found here: Investigating Long-Term Effects of Myocarditis | CDC. Incidence Rates and Rate Ratios of Myocarditis in Vaccinated Individuals Compared With Control Groups. Males comprised 82% of the myocarditis cases for whom sex was reported. Informed by early reports, CDC prioritized rapid review of myocarditis in persons aged <30 years reported during May 1June 11, 2021; the 484 patient records in this subset were evaluated by physicians at CDC, and several reports were also reviewed with Clinical Immunization Safety Assessment Project investigators, including cardiologists. provided as a service to MMWR readers and do not constitute or imply There might be a 2.5 times higher . 1 0 obj The vaccines are very effective against severe COVID-19 and protect your heart from the serious health consequences of the disease. Learn more about, Feelings of having a fast-beating, fluttering, or pounding heart. The study showed males younger than 40 years old who received the Moderna vaccine were shown to have the highest rates of myocarditis, which according to the authors, may have implications for choosing specific vaccines for certain populations. Myocarditis usually goes away on its own with supportive care, including IV fluids, steroid therapy, and medicines to treat disorders of heart rhythm or pumping function. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Viruses. Page last updated: Myocarditis rates were highest after the second vaccination dose in young males between 12 and 15 years of age (70.7 per million doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine), in adolescent males age 16 to 17 years (105.9 per million doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine), and in young men age 18 to 24 years (52.4 and 56.3 per million doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine . CDC and its partners are actively monitoring reports of myocarditis and pericarditis after COVID-19 vaccination. Hamedi KR, Loftus G, Traylor L, Goodwin R, Arce S. Vaccines (Basel). Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. A, For the BNT162b2 vaccine, there were 138 reported cases of myocarditis with known date for symptom onset and dose after 114246837 first vaccination doses and 888 reported cases after 95532396 second vaccination doses. Objective: Among individuals older than 40 years of age, there were no more than 8 reports of myocarditis for any individual age after receiving either vaccine. Your chance of getting myocarditis after getting a COVID-19 vaccine is less than the chance of being struck by lightning during your lifetime. For children ages 6 months to 2 years, efficacy was 43.7 percent, and in children ages 2 to 6, it was only 37.5 percent. <> The benefit of vaccination against COVID-19 outweighs the potential risk of myocarditis and pericarditis. Canadian public health authorities also found that the rate of myocarditis was higher for both Moderna. Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. National Library of Medicine If you have any health problems after vaccination, report them to theVaccine Adverse Event Reporting System. *** There were 826 cases of myocarditis among those younger than 30 years of age who had detailed clinical information available; of these cases, 792 of 809 (98%) had elevated troponin levels, 569 of 794 (72%) had abnormal electrocardiogram results, and 223 of 312 (72%) had abnormal cardiac magnetic resonance imaging results. The clinical presentation and severity of myocarditis vary among patients. You can review and change the way we collect information below. FDA requires that vaccine providers report to VAERS vaccination administration errors, serious adverse events, cases of multisystem inflammatory syndrome, and cases of COVID-19 that result in hospitalization or death after administration of a COVID-19 vaccine under an EUA. The ACIP discussion concluded that 1) the benefits of vaccinating all recommended age groups with mRNA COVID-19 vaccine clearly outweigh the risks of vaccination, including the risk of myocarditis after vaccination; 2) continuing to monitor outcomes of myocarditis cases after COVID-19 vaccination is important; and 3) providers and the public should be informed about these myocarditis cases and the use of COVID-19 vaccines. The Vaccine Safety Datalink: a model for monitoring immunization safety. The scientists are monitoring the health of a diverse group of people to learn about the long-term effects of COVID, including heart problems. This is a recognised risk with the Comirnaty (Pfizer) and Spikevax (Moderna) vaccines and we are closely monitoring these events. It is unclear how many of these cases are a direct consequence of the vaccine versus coincidental. 2022 Jun 1;5(6):e2218505. Parents should speak with their childrens health care providers regarding the benefits and risks of vaccination against COVID-19. No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed. Vaccine 2015;33:4398405. FLEG: The CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) recommends COVID-19 vaccination for children as young as 6 months. The findings from the VaST and the ACIP COVID-19 Vaccines Work Group assessments, including a summary of the data reviewed, were presented to ACIP during its meeting on June 23, 2021. COVID-19 Vaccinations in the United States. the date of publication. Among patients in a large Israeli health care system who had received at least one dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine, the estimated incidence of myocarditis was 2.13 cases per 100,000 persons; the . endorsement of these organizations or their programs by CDC or the U.S. Suggested citation for this article: Gargano JW, Wallace M, Hadler SC, et al. The reports to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System met the case definition of myocarditis (reported cases). ". Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! The vaccine product-specific EUA fact sheet should be provided to all vaccine recipients and their caregivers before vaccination with any authorized COVID-19 vaccine. Researchers also looked at rates per million doses and the rate was 35.6 cases per million for Moderna and 12.6 per million for Pfizer-;an almost threefold increase after Moderna shots vs.. Between 2001 and 2020, the Institute has funded 139 myocarditis studies at a cost of $43.6 million. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/science/science-briefs/fully-vaccinated-people.html, https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#variant-proportions, ***** https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#demographics, https://www.fda.gov/media/144413/downloadexternal icon, https://www.fda.gov/media/144637/downloadexternal icon, https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/info-by-product/pfizer/index.html, ****** https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/info-by-product/moderna/index.html, https://vaers.hhs.gov/faq.htmlexternal icon. Its important to remember that any vaccine can cause side effects. The ACIP recommendation for use of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines under an EUA is interim and will be updated as additional information becomes available. Buchan SA, Seo CY, Johnson C, Alley S, Kwong JC, Nasreen S, Calzavara A, Lu D, Harris TM, Yu K, Wilson SE. That means the vaccines protect heart health. ; MIS-C Incidence Authorship Group. Use of trade names and commercial sources is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Both mRNA vaccines were authorized and recommended as a 2-dose schedule, with second doses administered 21 days (Pfizer-BioNTech) or 28 days (Moderna) after the first dose. Myocarditis is rare, but it occurs more often following SARS-CoV-2 infection than after receiving an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine for people of all ages.10, We know that boys and men between the ages of 16 and 29 have a higher risk of COVID-19vaccine-related myocarditis. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. Chavda VP, Bezbaruah R, Valu D, Patel B, Kumar A, Prasad S, Kakoti BB, Kaushik A, Jesawadawala M. Vaccines (Basel). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. of pages found at these sites. Learn about the four phases of clinical research, what questions researchers try to answer in each, and how a vaccine is developed, approved, and manufactured. NHLBI-supported research aims to identify the causes of lasting heart and lung symptoms of COVID-19, find ways to prevent these problems, and improve treatment to promote rapid healing. FOIA Vaccination with BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) or mRNA-1273 (Moderna). 4 0 obj A recent study classifying Long COVID into four types can help health care providers better target treatments for a patients specific symptoms. Information on v-safe is available at https://www.cdc.gov/vsafe. They also recover normal heart function sooner.12. They suggest the rates of myocarditis after the Moderna-NIAID vaccine may be two-and-a-half times higher. If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. An official website of the United States government. For Moderna's vaccine, rates of myocarditis or pericarditis overall were 23 cases per million first doses and 62.5 cases per million second doses. Based on passive surveillance reporting in the US, the risk of myocarditis after receiving mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines was increased across multiple age and sex strata and was highest after the second vaccination dose in adolescent males and young men. Reports of myocarditis and pericarditis after vaccination are rare. Information regarding the risk for myocarditis with mRNA COVID-19 vaccines should be disseminated to providers to share with vaccine recipients. % Researchers Identify Four Long COVID Categories. Moderna defended the use of its Covid vaccine, saying the protection it offers against severe disease, hospitalization and death outweighs the risk of myocarditis. In December 2020, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued Emergency Use Authorizations (EUAs) for the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 (BNT162b2) vaccine and the Moderna COVID-19 (mRNA-1273) vaccine, and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) issued interim recommendations for their use in persons aged 16 years and 18 years, respectively. In May 2021, FDA expanded the EUA for the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine to include adolescents aged 1215 years; ACIP recommends that all persons aged 12 years receive a COVID-19 vaccine. A non-peer-reviewed retrospective paper, released as a pre-print, analyzed the rate of post-vaccination cardiac myocarditis in children aged 12-15 and 16-17 years who had received mRNA COVID . "If you're focused on heart inflammation, the safer bet is to take the vaccine," said Mendel Singer at Case Western Reserve University in Ohio, who helped carry out the study. Among males aged 30 years, 15,300 COVID-19 cases, 4,598 hospitalizations, 1,242 ICU admissions, and 700 deaths could be prevented, compared with three to four expected myocarditis cases after COVID-19 vaccination. Expected rates of myocarditis by age and sex were calculated using 2017-2019 claims data. FLEG: Vaccination helps protect people from getting sick or severely ill with COVID-19 and helps protect those around them. Overall myocarditis rates among males in this age group were 2.97 per 100,000, which rose to 2.27 per 100,000 after the second dose. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. While the researchers did observe a higher risk among people that got the Moderna shot, it was still a relatively small risk. Coronavirus-induced myocarditis: A meta-summary of cases. URL addresses listed in MMWR were current as of According to the TGA, the current overall estimated rates for the entire population of myocarditis for Pfizer and Moderna are similar - 1.4 cases per 100,000 Pfizer doses versus 1.8 cases per 100,000 Moderna doses. It is estimated there are around 2 more cases per 100,000 second vaccine doses in people under 40 who received Moderna original formulation than Pfizer original formulation. Six awards are related to COVID-19related myocarditis. MMWR. https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#demographicsovertime. Based on ACIPs conclusion regarding the benefit-risk assessment on June 23, 2021, COVID-19 vaccination continues to be recommended for all persons aged 12 years under the FDAs EUA. From an analysis done on just 26 medical chart-confirmed cases of myocarditis in people ages 12 to 39, the CDC scientists estimated a rate of 12.6 cases per million second doses. (2022). They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. Gurdasani, D., Bhatt, S., Costello, A., Denaxas, S., Flaxman, S., Greenhalgh, T., Griffin, S., Hyde, Z., Katzourakis, A., McKee, M., Michie, S., Ratmann, O., Reicher, S., Scally, G., Tomlinson, C., Yates, C., Ziauddeen, H., & Pagel, C. (2021). https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/info-by-product/janssen/risk-benefit-analysis.html. The researchers noted 9.7 myocarditis cases per 100,000 person-years for unvaccinated males and 4.3 per 100,000 for females. Wong HL, Hu M, Zhou CK, Lloyd PC, Amend KL, Beachler DC, Secora A, McMahill-Walraven CN, Lu Y, Wu Y, Ogilvie RP, Reich C, Djibo DA, Wan Z, Seeger JD, Akhtar S, Jiao Y, Chillarige Y, Do R, Hornberger J, Obidi J, Forshee R, Shoaibi A, Anderson SA. Dr Edwards reported receiving grants from the National Institutes of Health; receiving personal fees from BioNet, IBM, X-4 Pharma, Seqirus, Roche, Pfizer, Merck, Moderna, and Sanofi; and receiving compensation for being the associate editor of Clinical Infectious Diseases. You can review and change the way we collect information below. Baseline incidence rates (IRs), and vaccine- and dose-specific IRs and rate differences were calculated from the cohort The SCRI calculated calendar time-adjusted IR ratios (IRR), using a 60-day pre-vaccination control period and dose-specific . Myocarditis has been linked with other vaccines, such as those that prevent influenza (flu), smallpox, and shingles.6.
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