poisonous caterpillars in utahhearne funeral home obituaries

3 min read. Sometimes the stings can leave hematomas behind. The 7 Most Deadly Snakes in India: The Bad & The Venomous. Thats to say, they dont hibernate at all! The females are larger than the males, which is unusual for this group of snakes. The green and orange spiny oak slug caterpillar has venomous spines that can cause adverse reaction. Among the small number of Megalopygid species found in North America is the notorious Puss Moth caterpillar (Megalopyge opercularis), also known as the Southern Flannel Moth and appropriately named Asp. Unlike its more famous relative, the white flannel moth caterpillar has a dark-colored, small body with round, yellow-colored patches. Plant covers, regular weeding, and varied plantings can all help with preventing this hungry invader! Also called the monkey slug, hag moth caterpillars measure 0.6 to 1 (15 25 mm) long. These unique, slug-like poisonous caterpillars can be found in the Eastern United States. [With Infographic], 15 All Inclusive Nude Beach Resorts #Nakation, 15 Best All Inclusive Resorts in Florida [with pricing], Naka Cave, Thailand: The Truth Behind the Legends of Snake Rock. Itching, burning and a severe rash are all on the table. The next poisonous caterpillar on our list is the Hickory tussock caterpillar. Even a small prick from the poisonous spine can cause asthma, stomachache, and bleeding. "Worlds Top 15 Poisonous Caterpillars" Bio Explorer, March 04 2023. The hollow spines on the spiny oak caterpillar attach to toxin glands. Catherine loves local bookstores, independent films, and spending time with her family, including Gus the golden retriever, who is a very good boy. If you or someone else is stung by a caterpillar, call Poison Control at 1-800-222-1222 or use the web POISON CONTROL online tool for treatment guidance. As its name suggests, the Woolly Bear caterpillar is covered in dense, coarse hairs. In addition, the dark gray to black caterpillars have white urticating hairs. The black-wave flannel moth is a venomous, stinging caterpillar covered in long, spindly creamy-white hairs. Additionally, fleshy spines poking out from the venomous caterpillar giving it a menacing appearance. But this highly visible coloring sends a message to predators: Back Off! The buck moth caterpillar is a venom-carrying larva, identified by its black body covered in rows of multi-branched spines and white spots. There are five species of rattlesnakes that call Utah home including the sidewinder which we previously spoke about. Rocky, high-elevation slopes are where youre most likely to find a rattlesnake in Utah but due to their camouflaging skills, you may have even of walked past one of these snakes and known nothing about it. There are three species of Oregon spiders that can be very dangerous, but you're more likely to find them in your basement than when exploring a forest or seeking out a waterfall. On the other hand, a venomous caterpillar injects a toxin or poison through a sting. These animals have a great sense of smell and vision and can run at up to 40mph! BioExplorer.net. Each of the seven pairs of spiny horns is filled with toxins that cause severe irritation. The spine-covered, brownish multi-branched projections on the dark caterpillar are attached to venomous glands in its body. The caterpillars sting may result in hives, contact dermatitis, pain, and small red bumps. I have the remedy, in fact, quicker remedy for caterpillar stings. thousands of species of caterpillars. The spiky green caterpillar feeds on most common forest trees, such as oak, ash, and elm. Moose will most likely feel threatened in the spring/summertime when they have calves with them. The stings of the io moth caterpillar can cause a burning sensation, swelling, redness, itchiness, and inflammation. These stinging caterpillars can be problematic, causing damage to a wide array of plants, including oak, dogwood, maple, apple, plum, cherry, basswood, and corn. The most significant damage pine processionary caterpillars cause is in coniferous forests. Two caterpillars have been making their way across the country, causing widespread concern for potential harm for many Americans. In recent years some have likened it to Donald Trump's hairstyle. However, the most dangerous caterpillars have developed detachable weapons containing potential chemical warfare. The giant silkworm moth caterpillars identifying features are its soft, pale green venomous spines surrounding its brown body. Great to look at, (but) dont touch them, Aleguas added. Smeared dagger moth caterpillar also has stinging hair that causes severe pain, allergy, and swelling. Subscribe. A characteristic habit of these stinging caterpillars is that they move in groups to defoliate chinaberry or white cedar trees. We found 14 particularly ugly specimens to share here. Slow flying butterflies fly about 5 mph. The chrysalis also resembles bird droppings hanging from a tree branch. This poisonous yellow caterpillar prefers hackberry, black locust, and redbud. Black branched spines stick out from each body segment in even rows. Saint Louis encephalitis is caused from an infected mosquito bite. You have entered an incorrect email address! The puss caterpillar is widespread in the Southern States, including New Jersey, Arkansas, Florida, and Texas. If you come into contact with a raccoon it is recommended that you break eye contact and slowly back away, moving into a building until the animal passes. Although they are typically brown, the caterpillars can also be a green color. These snakes can move up to 18 miles per hour through soft sand! 4. The southern flannel moth caterpillar is a venomous caterpillar that can be recognized by its covering of long, wavy brown hairs. The buck moth caterpillar grows up to 2.5 (65 mm) before its pupal stage. I resist the urge to caution them that there are poisonous caterpillars in the world, and we play. The state is experiencing an outbreak of the browntail moth caterpillar, an invasive species found on the coast of Maine and Cape Cod. There are several methods the insects can use to become poisonous. Cabbage, brussels sprouts, broccoli, and cauliflower are all susceptible to damage. When touched, the spines release a toxin that causes immediate pain and burning, usually accompanied by a rash and swelling. Some types of venomous caterpillars look soft and cute, but their hairy bodies hide toxin-filled spines that can lodge into the skin. Because they will eat almost anything, including herbs, tree leaves, and grasses, they can be found pretty much anywhere plants are growing. A sting from the caterpillar can cause skin itching, burning, and severe irritation. What to do if you are stung by a caterpillar. Since Texas is also counted in the Southeastern states; caterpillars in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Arkansas are . Identifying features of the worm-like caterpillar are long white pencil hairs at either end, bands of black dots traversing a white body, and irritating black tufts on its back. Hickory tussock caterpillars grow up to 1.77 (45 mm). Several caterpillars develop chemical warfare they become poisonous. FLYING. A sting from a venomous caterpillar can result in skin swelling, redness, itchiness, or a burning sensation. Their distinctive stripes and tentacles make them look cartoonish. The venomous spiny oak slug is an unusual caterpillar with fleshy, spine-covered protections along its back and sides. This poison comes from their diet, which is almost entirely made up of milkweed. You can quickly notice two stocky, thick thorns on both head and tail covered with spines. Blisters will heal up on their own, just remember to apply antiseptic cream and wash the infected area every day. These stinging caterpillars can appear twice a year in warmer areas and only once a year in spring in colder ones. If you do happen to come into a coyote encounter, then the following tips should be followed: 9 Most Dangerous Animals in Arizona: Top Deadly Creatures. The hairy hickory tussock caterpillar has black patterns along its white back. They often feel threatened when people or dogs get too close, which can also make them aggressive and lead them to charge, knock someone over and stomp on them. Which of these bugs creeps you out the most? It was introduced in shipments of cabbage and other brassica plants and soon became an invasive species. This species is found throughout western Utah, where it can be found in various habitats. They dont usually bite, but their venom is poisonous and causes swelling, itchiness and irritation. Thin, long black spines protrude among the fur-like hair, forming a whole bunch on the rear end. Here are the top 10 poisonous birds in Aves family. There are many kinds of poisonous caterpillars. Be prepared to use bear spray which will restrict their eyesight and oxygen levels. If you have been bitten by one you may experience localised swelling, nausea, vomiting, high blood pressure, weakness, faintness, excessive perspiration, chills and fever. If youre walking/hiking/camping in an area you know there might be mountain lions to then dont. There are four common groups of mosquitos that live in Utah and which are Aedes, Anopheles, Culex, and Culiseta. Fortunately, many poisonous caterpillars fit the part. Those worm-like creatures are, in a way butterfly kids. However, the stinging caterpillars will taste foul to birds, and they will quickly learn to avoid them. 2023 BIRD WATCHING HQ BECCA PARO DESIGN CO. Viceroy Caterpillars primarily live in open forests or fields, and theyre found across many different climates. You'll receive your first newsletter soon! However, it does not mean the poison fully protects them. The prick causes irritation leading the dog to lick at the area and ingest more toxins. The venomous spines on the white flannel moth caterpillar can cause a painful sting. Please read on to learn about identifying features of the most common caterpillars with venomous setae. It's best you try to avoid these varmints at all costs. The pleasant aroma of flowers brings bright-colored butterflies to meadows and gardens. eggs: brown to gray, shiny; laid in masses on branches. However, there is a downside to this: butterflies cannot appear without getting through the caterpillar stage. Clearwing moths are a little-known pest in Utah, however they cause major damage to fruit and ornamental plants every year. Pest Description. Of course, if youre unsure about the identity of a spiky caterpillar, its best to avoid handling it. Cabbageworms grow into Cabbage White Butterflies, which are one of the most abundant butterflies in Utah! The hag moth is an easily recognizable brown caterpillar due to its characteristic curly projections covered in urticating hairs. In Utah, three mosquito-borne arboviruses that cause encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) in humans have been identified, these are: western equine encephalitis, Saint Louis encephalitis and west Nile virus. Venomous caterpillars have poisonous bristles, spines, and barbs on their body that can cause a nasty sting. If you do come in contact with one of these caterpillars, remember: First aid for both types of caterpillar injuries is the same. The hag moth looks more like the skin of a brown spider than a moth caterpillar. Its best to observe the species without touching them, just in case. The brown bug is common throughout the eastern United States. The young caterpillars look ordinary small, thin, yellow, and covered with hairs sticking from the sides. The black-wave flannel moth caterpillar measures 0.7 to 1.5 (20 40 mm) long. The most common type of irritation that these caterpillars cause is skin irritation. Officials . Then, the people may develop bleeding, difficulty breathing, and other dangerous symptoms. However, some caterpillars are not just a nuisance. The infamous Mormon cricket nearly killed off the Mormon pioneers when swarms came in and ate most of their crops. The giant venomous silkworm moth caterpillar can be dangerous. Primary body color of this poisonous caterpillar is brown, and there is a distinct, bright green marking in the middle of the body, with an oval-shaped reddish mark in the middle that resembles a saddle. The larva of the pine processionary moth is a black caterpillar with bands of yellowish-white toxin-filled hairs, amber spots, and a rounded head. Most adults are 5080cm (19.531.5in) in length. The poisonous caterpillars that we have in Ontario may cause temporary discomfort but they won't cause serious harm. The speed varies among butterfly species (the poisonous varieties are slower than non-poisonous varieties). There are connected black markings in the middle of the back. This venous animal is a stout-bodied lizard that grows 18 to 24 inches in length. The larva of the hickory tussock moth is a black and white caterpillarcovered in rash-causing tuffs of irritating hairs. In their final instar, a prominent dark red and white band is visible along its sides. Flannel moths get their name from the flannel-like appearance of the wings of the adult, which are clothed with loose scales mixed with long hairs. Its legs and pro-legs are pronounced, and each end of its body has spindly black tentacles. Black widows will only bite if they feel threatened, so if you do see one, dont go near it or touch it. For every furry caterpillar on this list, I have a photo of the adult moth . Going further afield, the giant silkworm moth caterpillar (Lonomia oblique) of southern South America . Not only does she eat her lover after mating, her venom is more potent to humans than her male counterparts. They specialize in eating tobacco, tomato, and other similar plants and regularly cause problems for farms and growers who dont use pesticides. Its face is black, and it has small, bead-like scales across its back. You might have guessed from their name what happens if their toxins go into your body? Some are easily spotted on their favourite food plants. This article is an identification guide on how to recognize species of venomous caterpillars. The larval stage of the io moth is a large, brightly colored venomous green caterpillar covered in tufts of urticating spines. The flannel moth caterpillar, also known as the puss caterpillar, or "the asp," is covered in fine silky hair that hides its poisonous spines. A relative of the southern flannel moth caterpillar, this poisonous caterpillar can be found in Lousiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Tennessee. Even lightly brushing against the caterpillars wispy hairs can cause a painful sting. Top Safety Advice for 2022, How to Travel Between Islands in the Maldives? It will have either black, orange, pink or yellow broken blotches, bars and spots, with bands extending onto its blunt tail. Interestingly, this isnt the Viceroys only protection against predators. Hornworms are considered one of the most destructive caterpillars in Utah. The spines contain toxic substances that cause a lot of skin irritation This green type of caterpillar starts life as orange worm before turning lime green. Luckily, millipedes found in Utah are much, much smaller. Through its several instars (growth stages), it becomes a mass of hairsome describe it as having a bad hair day. Others develop a resistance to a particular poison that the caterpillars use. Most people infected with the virus have no apparent illness. While caterpillars can be a nuisance to gardens, eating your beloved plants, you shouldn't go around picking up these little creatures without knowing whether . Most are harmless to people. Symptoms of a spiny oak slug sting include localized redness, stinging sensation, and skin inflammation. This protective shell is where the caterpillar transforms into the adult butterfly. The hair stings the victim first feels pain, then a rash develops on the skin, followed by blisters. Context: These types of caterpillars rarely make their way into the northern United States. 11 Most Dangerous Animals You Can Find in Utah, 4 Venomous Snakes Found In Texas: Deadly Wildlife Explored, 8 Dangerous Animals in Fiji to Avoid (Biggest Fiji Killers). This species prefers Carolina laurelcherry to anything else. They have a beautiful pattern with large, prominent eyespots. Theres a thin, filament-like horn on the rear end. These are native to Southern Ontario, Canada. Medics worldwide actively study this venom because it can help treat some heart diseases because of its ability to dissolve blood clots. Rattlesnake. Stinging caterpillars found in the US are not highly venomous, just slightly poisonous, and can cause various kinds of irritation. For a home gardener, the best way to deal with Cabbageworms is to prevent a large infestation. The larva of the white flannel moth is an eye-catching yellow caterpillar with a large black band on its back and rusty-red ends. This venomous caterpillar has hollow quill-like hairs attached to poison sacs. The praying mantis looks like a wise little alien, but its really a vicious predator. This caterpillar is one of the most venomous in the U.S., and it lives in Texas A Virginia resident told CNN the pain of touching one of these caterpillars feels like a "scorching-hot knife . These bites can be fatal in young children and elderly people so get it checked out as soon as possible. The Best Beaches in La Paz, Mexico for Sun, Sea, & Wildlife. According to scientists, symptoms of touching a venomous caterpillar are wide and varied. They like to eat small moths, lice, ants and mites. The caterpillar is covered in multi-branched greenish spines containing a potentially deadly venom. This caterpillar is more conventional. Once those spines pierce the skin, they cause a. This poisonous caterpillar usually feeds on the underside of the leaves and relies on suction cups to hold on. Eating a poisonous caterpillar is the most dangerous option but even then, most dogs are likely to spit the insects out, as the taste of the toxins will be unpleasant. CAPE GIRARDEAU, Mo. Caterpillars are some of the MOST fascinating insects in the world! The 14 poisonous caterpillars that we are going to discuss are: Puss Caterpillar Saddleback Caterpillar Pipevine Swallowtail Caterpillar Io Moth Caterpillar Bag Shelter Caterpillar Monarch Caterpillars Hag Moth Caterpillar Hickory Tussock Caterpillar Pine Processionary Caterpillar Cinnabar Moth Caterpillar Stinging Rose Caterpillar Lonomia Obliqua The colorful but dangerous caterpillar measures 1 (25 mm) long. Their sting can cause itching, stinging, inflammation, and redness. - The Missouri Department of Conservation's Cape Girardeau Conservation Nature Center has received several inquiries about stinging, or venomous, caterpillars, as a result of high populations of the puss caterpillar in more southern states. The venomous spines of Lonomia obliqua contain a poison that has anticoagulant properties. These cute caterpillars may seem harmless, but they are indeed poisonous." "DO NOT PICK THEM UP! There will probably be burning, swelling and redness. Symptoms from the sting can include severe pain that will last for hours. POISONOUS caterpillars that cause a rash and vomiting are invading the UK - with Brits warned to "stay well away". It always amazes me that caterpillars eventually turn into butterflies or moths. The dark caterpillars have a distinct spiny appearance due to the long pencil setae covering its body. Different species form colonies. What to do if you encounter a black bear: What is the Most Dangerous Animal in Utah? Therefore being able to identify dangerous caterpillars can help you avoid getting stung. The Complete Guide to the Salt Lake City International Airport The Best Utah Cabin Rentals of 2023 Link to TripSavvy Homepage. There is a light form of the species that has a body with a greenish coloring and more prominent spots that look like. The spines of the Io moth caterpillar are arranged in distinct . Some species even possess long wispy hairs . However, the most common skin reactions include blistering, mild to severe burning pain, swelling, hives, dermatitis, and tissue damage. Multiple, thin, branching spines cover the body. They eat ornamental plants like violets, pansies, and passionflower. These insects are covered with dense brown hairs concealing shorter stinging setae. The mantis eats its dinner while its still alive -- one slicing, sharp bite at a time. One particularly disgusting enemy of the hornworm is Cotesia congregata. This disease is usually always fatal so make sure you have been vaccinated for it. Theyre called sidewinder snakes because they move themselves to the side in a winding movement. The chamber warned that the caterpillar may seem cute but it could poison you. The slender caterpillars have stinging hairs containing toxic venom that can cause severe skin irritation. Io Caterpillars use hackberry and willow trees as host plants. Why was President Biden talking about Utahs 2002 Winter Games at the White House? The relatively small green and brown saddleback caterpillar grows up to 0.78 (20 mm) long and 0.27 (7 mm) wide. The diamondback rattlesnake is responsible for the majority of serious snakebites in North America. There is no specific treatment for this virus but seek medical attention when you first get a symptom. They exist to feed on the leaves, grow, make cocoons and provide enough energy for a future butterfly. The caterpillar uses its plethora of spines to puncture skin and deliver venom that causes instant pain, burning, and swelling. It is very hairy, almost cuddly, yet packs quite a sting. This famous caterpillar is plump with black, white, and yellow bands. adults: wingspan 1 - 2 inches; heavy bodied; dark red brown to yellow, tan or gray. They live in most eastern states in the US up to the northern areas of Ontario, Canada. Hickory Tussock Moth Caterpillar A caterpillar is the larval stage of a moth or butterfly. The list below showcases all Utah Insects (748 Found) currently in the InsectIdentification.org database. It uses those praying forelegs to grab its prey -- one leg around the insects neck; the other around its abdomen. Alfred Aleguas, the director of the center in Tampa Bay, told Fox News that people should stay away from puss caterpillars. If you have milkweed in your yard or nearby, your chance of finding Monarch Caterpillars is excellent! These harmful caterpillars have black bodies with distinct white spots. The virus will usually go away on its own but severe signs of infection include muscle weakness, fits and confusion. A bear can run up to 35 miles per hour! Since 1967, mountain lions have been a protected wildlife species in Utah and there is an annual state-wide limited-entry hunting season on the animals. The coloring is mottled brown or green and white to resemble bird droppings. Stand your ground. The poison mainly causes allergic reactions, which can be severe in sensitive people and quite mild for others. Clean up camp and dont leave litter anywhere. These poisonous caterpillars prefer to eat oak leaves but can also dine on willow, hazelnut, cherry, rose, and grasses. Great Basin Rattlesnake The Great Basin Rattlesnake inhabits the Great Basin region of western Utah and lives in various habitats. As they grow, the caterpillars change their color from reddish brown with black spines to light green with reddish-white stripes. Other identifying features of the venomous caterpillar are its tufts of yellow hairs, wispy black setae, short stinging needle-like hairs, and whitish spots on its back. If youre planning a trip to the USA, then you may be interested to know about the dangerous animals in Utah. The American dagger caterpillar has been spotted on a college campus (at Mid Michigan Colleges campus) in Michigan. This species is small and relatively thin and appears velvety. Symptoms include the following: stinging sensation followed by a burning, itching sensation on the skin which can develop into a rash." Discover Hand-Crafted Cocktails And Regional Cuisine At 1861 In Utah, This Enchanting And Historic Town In Utah Is The Perfect Day Trip Destination, The Bicycle-Themed Brunch Spot And Bar In Utah Will Send Your Taste Buds On A Delicious Ride, This Vault In Utah Holds The Worlds Largest Collection Of Genealogical Records, Most Utahns Dont Know The Story Behind This Unique But Bizarre Pyramid, You May Forget To Breathe When Watching This Footage Taken In Utah, Every Dead Letter In The Country Goes To This One Place In Utah, The Legends Of These Utah Lake Monsters Will Terrify You In The Best Way. The eye-catching larva is typically green with two orange stripes on its back. One can find them in almost every place on the planet, except probably the South and North Poles. You may have heard that Woolly Bear Caterpillars are venomous, but this isnt entirely true. White caterpillar's like White-Marked Tussock Moth Caterpillar Orgyia leucostigma) have what can best be described as toxic pincushion hairs on their backs. Cutworms are not worms, biologically speaking, but caterpillars . Food. The venomous hairy brown southern flannel caterpillar measures 1 (25 mm) long, and its oval body tapers at the tail. It packs quite a wallop., Copyright 2023 Deseret News Publishing Company. The best hidden gems and little known destinations - straight to your inbox. Normally reactions happen very . The soft-looking hairs are deceiving because they hide venomous spines that can cause a nasty sting. It emerges bright yellow with long, fine setae on its body. Sign up for my weekly emails and and receive my 179 page eBook "Bird Feeding Secrets" in your inbox. Boring through heads of cabbage and making huge dents in broccoli are no problem for this Very Hungry Caterpillar! Does a caterpillar being poisonous really help it? Western equine encephalitis symptoms include a stiff neck, nausea/vomiting, headache and tiredness. The venomous yellowish caterpillar does harm when its toxic bristles break off and get embedded in the skin. There are many poisonous caterpillars, as you can see. The back of the caterpillar is adorned with bunches of thin, white bristles, reddish at the base. Caterpillars are well-adapted to their natural surroundings. When attacked, the saddleback tries to shorten its stocky body as much as possible, putting the blackthorns with spine forward. Copyright 1999-2023 BioExplorer.Net. Love Utah? The latter group is quite numerous, and one can find caterpillars with stinging hairs in the Americas, Europe, and Australia. The ticks saliva has a numbing agent, so you rarely even notice that the tick is present. The identifying features of the io moth caterpillar are its green body with a lateral abdominal red and white stripe, reddish prolegs, and spiky tufts of venomous spines. However, the gorging white and black caterpillars rarely damage trees entirely. The state Department of Forestry is warning residents to be on the lookout for. There are two color morphs: Here are some recommended books on Amazon! Since theyre so recognizable, this should be pretty easy! The body of the spiny oak slug moth is covered with dense branching horn-like structures with tiny short spines on them, resembling holly trees. Other features to identify it are its orange feet and faint yellow line along its back. The saddleback caterpillars tubercles and spines release toxins when broken. Variegated Fritillary Caterpillars share the same name as their adult-form butterflies. Similar to Asian Giant Hornet, Paper Wasps stings are extremely painful. Caterpillars have to be wary of multiple predators. Theyre pretty rare in general, even though theyll appear now and again in the South, according to David Wagner, an entomologist at the University of Connecticut, told USA Today. The caterpillars are most active from July through October. That way, if you happen to brush against one, you wont have to worry about exposed skin! This caterpillar feeds exclusively on pine needles; each colony settles on a pine branch and makes a nest of silk threads. One mom in Plant City, Florida, learned that lesson the hard way last week when her 5-year-old son accidentally stepped on one as he played outside. Blister beetles come from the Meloidae family and are long, narrow plant-feeding insects that vary in colour from yellow to grey. This bushy caterpillar is found in most of Texas, Maryland, and Missouri. Since it would be impossible to list them all in one article, I chose the 7 most interesting and common ones to share with you. Leave the area if you find a dead elk or deer this is what mountain lions prey on so they could be nearby or come back to feed on them. However, its good to remember that toxic caterpillars dont attack humans or bite. It gets rid of most of the poison in its waste but,. Its green body is covered in bands of spiny tufts containing toxins. The gila monster is a species of venomous lizard thats found in desert areas of Utah, whilst its rare to see one of these lizards as they spend most of their time underground, if you bitten by one of these animals the bite is very painful. Another member of the dagger moth family, this poisonous caterpillar, also lives in Eastern North America. In conclusion if you see a bright-colored, fluffy caterpillar with suspicious horns or spines avoid them at all costs. A small species, adult specimens measure between 43 and 76cm (17 and 30in) in length. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Writer, editor and researcher with a passion for exploring new places. This species is a part of the giant silkworm moths family, which also contains big, beautiful butterflies beloved by collectors. The venomous hairs on the hag moth caterpillar can cause skin irritation. 2. The stinging rose caterpillar is a brightly colored caterpillar with yellow or orange spine-covered spikey toxin-filled projections.

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