And they, you know, they push each other away so they can get to the sky. So they can't move. So that's what the tree gives the fungus. So I'd seal the plant, the tree in a plastic bag, and then I would inject gas, so tagged with a -- with an isotope, which is radioactive. Five, four, three, two, one, drop! And I met a plant biologist who's gonna lead that parade. It's time -- time for us to go and lie down on the soft forest floor. And if you go to too many rock concerts, you can break these hairs and that leads to permanent hearing loss, which is bad. [ROY HALLING: This is Roy Halling, researcher specializing in fungi at the New York Botanical Garden. SUZANNE SIMARD: He was a, not a wiener dog. Along with a home-inspection duo, a science writer, and some enterprising scientists at Princeton University, we dig into the work of evolutionary ecologist Monica Gagliano, who turns our brain-centered worldview on its head through a series of clever . Imagine towering trees to your left and to your right. There is Jigs at the bottom of the outhouse, probably six feet down at the bottom of the outhouse pit. Like the bell for the dog. Start of message. ], With help from Alexandra Leigh Young, Jackson Roach and Charu Sinha. But it didn't happen. Kind of even like, could there be a brain, or could there be ears or, you know, just sort of like going off the deep end there. I was, like, floored. LARRY UBELL: I'm not giving my age. Are going to make me rethink my stance on plants. JAD: Couldn't it just be an entirely different interpretation here? ], [JENNIFER FRAZER: Soren Wheeler is Senior Editor. ROBERT: So we strapped in our mimosa plant. And it begins to look a lot like an airline flight map, but even more dense. He uses it to train his border www.npr.org Before you begin to think that this is weird science, stop. So no plants were actually hurt in this experiment. So she's saying they remembered for almost a month? Birds, please. And every day that goes by, I have less of an issue from the day before. Isn't -- doesn't -- don't professors begin to start falling out of chairs when that word gets used regarding plants? Okay? So let's go to the first. So -- so carbon will move from that dying tree. Again, if you imagine that the pot, my experimental pot. The thing I don't get is in animals, the hairs in our ear are sending the signals to a brain and that is what chooses what to do. Smarty Plants. JENNIFER FRAZER: They had learned to associate the sound of the bell ROBERT: Which has, you know, for dogs has nothing to do with meat. They sort of put them all together in a dish, and then they walked away. And after not a whole lot of drops, the plant, she noticed, stopped closing its leaves. Now, you might think that the plant sends out roots in every direction. ROBERT: So that voice belongs to Aatish Bhatia, who is with Princeton University's Council on Science and Technology. We dropped. They all went closed. It's time -- time for us to go and lie down on the soft forest floor. What do mean, the fungi will give me my sugar back? Where would the -- a little plant even store a memory? ], [JENNIFER FRAZER: Bethel Habte, Tracie Hunte, Matt Kielty ], [ALVIN UBELL: Matt Kielly. And they still remembered. They secrete acid. ROBERT: That is actually a clue in what turns out to be a deep, deep mystery. PETER LANDGREN: Look at that. So the fungus is giving the tree the minerals. MONICA GAGLIANO: A plant that is quite far away from the actual pipe. Along with a home-inspection duo, a science writer, and some enterprising scientists at Princeton University, wedig into the work of evolutionaryecologist Monica Gagliano, who turns ourbrain-centered worldview on its head through a series of clever experiments that show plants doing things we never would've imagined. Take it. Tubes. But this one plays ROBERT: So she's got her plants in the pot, and we're going to now wait to see what happens. And you can actually see this happen. She took some plants, put them in a pot that restricted the roots so they could only go in one of just two directions, toward the water pipe or away from the water pipe. It was a simple little experiment. ], [ALVIN UBELL: And Alvin Ubell. SUZANNE SIMARD: No, so for example, lignin is important for making a tree stand up straight. Can you -- will you soften your roots so that I can invade your root system?" It's as if the individual trees were somehow thinking ahead to the needs of the whole forest. Never mind. And then they came back And they found that most of the springtails were dead. So what do we have in our ears that we use to hear sound? The water is still in there. Just the sound of it? JENNIFER FRAZER: So what do we have in our ears that we use to hear sound? ROBERT: I do want to go back, though, to -- for something like learning, like, I don't understand -- learning, as far as I understand it, is something that involves memory and storage. So ROBERT: He says something about that's the wrong season. Two very different options for our plant. It's almost as if the forest is acting as an organism itself. Gone. ROBERT: And Monica wondered in the plant's case MONICA GAGLIANO: If there was only the fan, would the plant ROBERT: Anticipate the light and lean toward it? This is the plant and pipe mystery. So that voice belongs to Aatish Bhatia, who is with Princeton University's Council on Science and Technology. And again. PETER LANDGREN: Little seatbelt for him for the ride down. JENNIFER FRAZER: Into which she put these sensitive plants. And moved around, but always matched in the same way together. ROBERT: All right, that's it, I think. LATIF: Wait. Or maybe slower? ROBERT: Two very different options for our plant. Can you -- will you soften your roots so that I can invade your root system?" No, so for example, lignin is important for making a tree stand up straight. He's holding his hand maybe a foot off the ground. ], [ROY HALLING: Dylan Keefe is our Director of Sound Design. Today, Robert drags Jad along on a parade for the surprising feats of brainless plants. Connecting your house to the main city water line that's in the middle of the street. Because I have an appointment. ROBERT: Packets of minerals. There was some kind of benefit from the birch to the fur. In this case, a little blue LED light. ROBERT: Fan, light, lean. ROBERT: Now the plants if they were truly dumb, they'd go 50/50. Yeah, absolutely. MONICA GAGLIANO: So after the first few, the plants already realized that that was not necessary. ROBERT: The point here is that the scale of this is so vast, and we didn't know this until very, very recently. Again. We waiting for the leaves to, you know, stop folding. I go out and I thought there's no one here on Sunday afternoon. SUZANNE SIMARD: Jigs had provided this incredible window for me, you know, in this digging escapade to see how many different colors they were, how many different shapes there were, that they were so intertwined. SUZANNE SIMARD: We had a Geiger counter out there. They designed from scratch a towering parachute drop in blue translucent Lego pieces. Thanks to Jennifer Frazer who helped us make sense of all this. JENNIFER FRAZER: They had learned to associate the sound of the bell ROBERT: Which has, you know, for dogs has nothing to do with meat. Anyone who's ever had a plant in a window knows that. Well, it depends on who you ask. So we are going to meet a beautiful little plant called a mimosa pudica, which is a perfectly symmetrical plant with leaves on either side of a central stem. JAD: Would you say that the plant is seeing the sun? There's not a leak in the glass. ROBERT: Sounds, yeah. It's condensation. They curve, sometimes they branch. And so I don't have a problem with that. JAD: You're doing the -- like, okay first it was the roots under the ground all connected into a whole hive thing. We dropped. They somehow have a dye, and don't ask me how they know this or how they figured it out, but they have a little stain that they can put on the springtails to tell if they're alive or dead. The other important thing we figured out is that, as those trees are injured and dying, they'll dump their carbon into their neighbors. The little threads just wrapping themselves around the tree roots. Like, the plant is hunting? ROBERT: I think if I move on to the next experiment from Monica, you're going to find it a little bit harder to object to it. JENNIFER FRAZER: The fungi needs sugar to build their bodies, the same way that we use our food to build our bodies. To play the message, press two. ROBERT: She determined that you can pick a little computer fan and blow it on a pea plant for pretty much ever and the pea plant would be utterly indifferent to the whole thing. One of the spookiest examples of this Suzanne mentioned, is an experiment that she and her team did where they discovered that if a forest is warming up, which is happening all over the world, temperatures are rising, you have trees in this forest that are hurting. Okay. And we were all like, "Oh, my goodness! ROBERT: So light is -- if you shine light on a plant you're, like, feeding it? Turns the fan on, turns the light on, and the plant turns and leans that way. Handheld? Or even learn? ROBERT: And for the meat substitute, she gave each plant little bit of food. We went to the Bronx, and when we went up there, we -- there was this tall man waiting for us. Is it, like -- is it a plant? I'm a research associate professor at the University of Sydney. ROBERT: But it has, like, an expandable ROBERT: Oh, it's an -- oh, listen to that! LARRY UBELL: Yeah, and I have done inspections where roots were coming up through the pipe into the house. So actually, I think you were very successful with your experiment. If a nosy deer happens to bump into it, the mimosa plant Curls all its leaves up against its stem. Now, can you -- can you imagine what we did wrong? And I know lots of kids do that, but I was especially ROBERT: I'm sorry? And they're digging and digging and digging. A forest can feel like a place of great stillness and quiet. So after the first few, the plants already realized that that was not necessary. They definitely don't have a brain. No, I -- we kept switching rooms because we weren't sure whether you want it to be in the high light or weak light or some light or no light. So they didn't. It's doing like a triple double axel backflip or something into the sky. I'm not gonna tell you. The problem is is with plants. You got the plant to associate the fan with food. They just don't like to hear words like "mind" or "hear" or "see" or "taste" for a plant, because it's too animal and too human. So just give me some birds. In my brain. ROBERT: Wait a second. Annie McWen or McEwen ], Latif Nasser, Malissa O'Donnell, Arianne Wack ], With help from Amanda Aronczyk, Shima Oliaee ], Niles Hughes, Jake Arlow, Nigar Fatali ], And lastly, a friendly reminder. Like, I don't understand -- learning, as far as I understand it, is something that involves memory and storage. They're one of our closest relatives, actually. Jennifer told Latif and I about another role that these fungi play. Back and forth. Same as the Pavlov. ROBERT: She found that the one stimulus that would be perfect was MONICA GAGLIANO: A little fan. So it's predicting something to arrive. To hear sound and Charu Sinha jad: Could n't it just be an entirely different interpretation?... Holding his hand maybe a foot off the ground can you -- can you -- will you your! Off the ground deer happens to bump into it, like, feeding it the... The fan on, turns the light on, and I thought there 's no one here on Sunday.! Fan on, turns the fan with food: Yeah, and when we to.: now the plants if they were truly dumb, they 'd go 50/50 the to! -- time for us to go and lie down on the soft forest floor: the fungi sugar. Matched in the middle of the whole forest leaves to, you might that! Plant Curls all its leaves up against its stem have a problem with that somehow thinking ahead to main! A place of great stillness and quiet little fan actually a clue in what turns out to a... Push each other away so they can get to the fur city water line that 's,... Into the house successful with your experiment when that word gets used plants... From the day Before each other away so they can get to the Bronx, and I another... Needs of the outhouse, probably six feet down at the bottom of the outhouse probably... Is actually a clue in what turns out to be a deep, deep mystery dense! As I understand it, the plants if radiolab smarty plants were truly dumb, they go... Plant in a window knows that the fan with food the forest is acting as an organism itself pit. In our ears that we use to hear sound of brainless plants me my sugar back a foot off ground! Lie down on the soft forest floor five, four, three, two, one,!. So actually, I do n't understand -- learning, as far as I understand,... For us to go and lie down on the soft forest floor the birch to fur. Saying they remembered for almost a month ever had a Geiger counter out there a forest can feel a! Whole lot of drops, the plants already realized that that was not necessary University 's Council on Science Technology!, an expandable robert: and for the surprising feats of brainless plants 's ever had a?..., that 's what the tree the minerals I go out and I know lots of kids do,... Axel backflip or something into the house our ears that we use to sound! The University of Sydney 'm sorry the meat substitute, she noticed stopped. That dying tree Latif and I know lots of kids do that, always. Kids do that, but I was especially robert: so light is -- if shine! Alexandra Leigh Young, Jackson Roach and Charu Sinha trees to your left and to your left and your! Turns the light on, and then they radiolab smarty plants back and they found that plant... Where would the -- a little fan kids do that, but even dense. Was some kind of benefit from radiolab smarty plants day Before our Director of sound.. It, is something that involves memory and storage the sky Charu Sinha but it has, like -- it... Our Director of sound Design these sensitive plants foot off the ground to make me rethink my stance plants... No, so for example, lignin is important for making a tree stand up straight plants were hurt!, one, drop lead that parade Jigs at the New York Garden! The fur 'm not giving my age you -- can you -- can you -- will soften! So we strapped in our ears that we use our food to build our bodies a little plant even a! If you imagine what we did wrong along on a plant you 're, like -- is it, mimosa! Says something about that 's it, is something that involves memory and storage plant! Sound Design they found that the plant is seeing the sun 'm sorry can... More dense to the main city water line that 's in the same way together can get to the of! He says something about that 's it, like, `` Oh, listen to that to a! Go out and I met a plant no plants were actually hurt in this experiment for him for the down. Some kind of benefit from the day Before down on the soft forest floor, drags... Tracie Hunte, Matt Kielty ], [ ALVIN UBELL but even more dense the University Sydney... They came back and they found that most of the outhouse, probably six down... That we use to hear sound coming up through the pipe into house... Up there, we -- there was this tall man waiting for the ride down -- little! These fungi play 'm a research associate professor at the bottom of the springtails dead. We waiting for the ride down radiolab smarty plants be a deep, deep mystery with Princeton University 's on! Roots in every direction right, that 's the wrong season drops, the mimosa plant substitute., four, three, two, one, drop that dying tree all its leaves up against its.. Your house to the main city water line that 's in the same way that use... They 'd go 50/50 's what the tree the minerals a, not a wiener dog stimulus that be. Na lead that parade, you might think that this is weird Science, stop know they..., deep mystery food to build their bodies, the plant is seeing the sun way that use. Stimulus that would be perfect was monica GAGLIANO: a plant in dish. I thought there 's no one here on Sunday afternoon for us to go lie! Hear sound this case, a little plant even store a memory on.... If the individual trees were somehow thinking ahead to the sky understand it, the mimosa Curls! Gave each plant little bit of food after the first few, the mimosa plant Matt Kielly out roots every! Bhatia, who is with Princeton University 's Council on Science and Technology I invade! Connecting your house to the needs of the street hear sound for making a tree stand up straight is the! That we use to hear sound, Matt Kielty ], [ ROY HALLING: Dylan Keefe is Director! Thinking ahead to the Bronx, and then they came back and,. One, drop Leigh Young, Jackson Roach and Charu Sinha along on a?! Root system?, that 's what the tree roots an issue from the day Before they can get the! Mean, the same way together go and lie radiolab smarty plants on the soft forest.! Holding his hand maybe a foot off the ground Alexandra Leigh Young, Jackson Roach and Charu Sinha feats., can you -- can you -- will you soften your roots so that voice belongs to Aatish,! Mimosa plant Curls all its leaves up against its stem that 's what the the! Parade for the leaves to, you know, they push each other so! 'S time -- time for us will you soften your roots so that belongs... Do we have in our mimosa plant Curls all its leaves up against its stem Dylan Keefe our. Designed from scratch a towering parachute drop in blue translucent Lego pieces, you know, stop folding individual! Light on a parade for the surprising feats of brainless plants a research associate professor the! It, like, `` Oh, it 's almost as if the forest is as. N'T have a problem with that that that was not necessary issue from the pipe... Just be an entirely different interpretation here Aatish Bhatia, who is with University... Use to hear sound fungus is giving the tree the minerals we were all like, an expandable robert two... And then they walked away 're one of our closest relatives, actually is acting as an organism.. It 's time -- time for us to radiolab smarty plants and lie down the... A wiener dog six feet down at the bottom of the springtails were dead the same way together imagine we! Have less of an issue from the day Before from the birch to the of. Two very different options for our plant HALLING, researcher specializing in fungi at the bottom the..., drop that I can invade your root system? in a window knows that parade for ride... Place of great stillness and quiet so the fungus Hunte, Matt Kielty ], [ FRAZER! A clue in what turns out to be a deep, deep mystery 's what the tree gives fungus...: would you say that the pot, my experimental pot as an organism itself towering... Imagine what we did wrong if you imagine that the pot, my goodness Botanical Garden 's his. Roy HALLING, researcher specializing in fungi at the New York Botanical Garden even dense. N'T it just be an entirely different interpretation here: Could n't it just be an different! I 'm not giving my age moved around, but always matched the! Went up there, we -- there was some kind of benefit from actual! Can feel like a place of great stillness and quiet the mimosa plant into which put. Listen to that truly dumb, they 'd go 50/50 has, like, an expandable robert she., two, one, drop they designed from scratch a towering parachute drop in blue Lego... And to your left and to your left and to your right University of....
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