The Jews on the run, like Renia, did not know whom to trust. I think their bold and savvy behavior was shaped by their training, by their youth movements and how they were educated but I also think many of these women had a very strong sense of instinct, and followed it. In all, 30,000 Jews joined partisan units in European forests, a significant number of them women, despite the rough treatment (including rape) they often received at the hands of male comrades. Batalion has her own theories. One such example of cultural resistance is provided by Batalion through the biography ofHenia Reinhartz, a young woman in the ghetto of Lodz. She then briefly tried turning the story of Renia Kukielka into a novel, combining her wartime exploits with elements of the authors own grandmothers life. Then there was the small matter of trying to verify stories that havent been told in nearly 80 years, if at all, and were sometimes written when typewriters, pens and paper werent exactly easy to access. The Light of Days , with its more than 450 pages of narrative, hundreds of detailed footnotes, and Renia Kukielka sewed fake IDs into her skirts to save Jewish lives in German-occupied Poland. Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page. Alexander Santora is the pastor of Our Lady of Grace and St. Joseph, 400 Willow Ave., Hoboken, NJ 07030. Courier Hela Schpper, left, and Akiva leader Shoshana Langer disguised as Christians on the Aryan side of Warsaw, June 26, 1943. Credit: Ghetto Fighters House Museum, photo archive, One of Lonka Kozibrodskas forged Aryan identity cards, 1943, Credit: Ghetto Fighters House Museum, Photo archive. (Courtesy of Merav Waldman). Why, despite her years of education at a Montreal Jewish day school, where she learned Yiddish and Hebrew, and as the granddaughter of Polish Holocaust survivors, had she never heard of these ghetto girls? Renias youthful charm, fluent Polish and soft features made her an ideal courier. They were so passionate about it, this was so important to them. Cloudy with periods of rain. When the Nazis invaded their hometown of Bdzin in 1939, the Kukielka family had fled to relatives in nearby Jdrzejw where they were later forced into a ghetto, one of the 400 established throughout the country. It's a short day in February 1943. Another awoke in a ditch of frozen cadavers, naked, staring into the eyes of her dead mother. Its a tough read as its hard to believe human beings can be so cruel to others. This wasnt a story of just two or three women this was a movement of organized resistance across the country that involved hundreds, if not thousands, and it was important that that came across, she explains. To them, this is Polish history; this is their story too. Obviously, there was no way for the Nazis to physically prove a woman was Jewish. All Rights Reserved. And thats how we find ourselves in the rare position of having to praise an agent for their efforts on our behalf. An American book reviewer included her memoir as an example of the excessive proliferation of Holocaust stories at the time. Over the course of 10 years, Batalion has recovered and analyzed countless eyewitness reports, memoirs, legacies and archival documents from the Holocaust. She achieved this level of intimacy with her subjects on her trip to Israel, when she met with their descendants. Courtesy of Yad Vashem Photo Archive, Jerusalem. "If we must die, then let us die together. All rights reserved (About Us). She was shrewd, The influence of such courageous acts of resistance was tremendous. Politicians used Hannah Seneshs story to promote certain narratives of Israels historythis is one reason she became more well known. And Frumka Plotnicka, a leader in the underground, once hid guns in a potato sack and was killed while battling the Nazis in Bdzin. Young resisters were constantly reassessing whether to stay or to go, whether to fight from inside the ghettos or from the forests, and whether to attempt to escape and serve as witnesses of the atrocities to the world or to stay behind, Judy Batalion writes in her riveting book The Light of Days.. Tomorrow, Monday, Jews begin celebrating Sukkot, which commemorates the years that the Jews spent in the desert on their way to the Promised Land, and celebrates the way in which God protected them under difficult desert conditions. What is only coming to light in recent years is the heroism especially of young women who resisted the Nazis. This is a visible source of pleasure to Batalion, but she remains humble in her conversation with DW. It was so important to start afresh. Renia Kukieka in Budapest, 1944. She visited the places that her heroines wrote and spoke about. At the heart of the project is an obscure Yiddish book published in 1946 titled Freuen in di Ghettos (Women in the Ghettos) chronicling these young womens tales of resistance and derring-do. There is a clear sense of what she is thinking: That this isn't about her. Then theres Renia Kukielka, who was just 14 at the start of the war but went on to become a crucial courier ferrying messages between ghettos. Photographer Luigi Toscano has found his calling: documenting his interactions with Holocaust survivors. A few weeks on: hows that going? The Light of Days begins with the wars most celebrated Jewish resistance fighter, Hannah Szenes. Subscribe today! They thought it was their duty to create a new generation of Jews and wanted their children to live normal, happy lives. Stunned by this unexpected defiance, the Nazi soldiers fled. After the war, they got faux married for emigration papers, thus changing their names, and then, they changed them again to suit the languages of the countries where they ended up. These were stories of constant activity, and they drew me in. Batalion paints an intimate portrait of a dozen such young Jewish women, conveying not only their extraordinary courage but also making their unimaginable suffering seem almost within grasp. Haaretz.com, the online English edition of Haaretz Newspaper in Israel, gives you breaking news, analyses and opinions about Israel, the Middle East and the Jewish World. Nothing stands in their way. The Untold Story of Women Resistance Fighters in Hitler's Ghettos. Thus, my research became double-layered: on the one hand, what is the story of Jewish women in the resistance; on the other hand, what happened to this story? In fact there was fierce and sustained armed resistance operating from many of the ghettos, culminating in uprisings, as well as revolts in concentration and forced labour camps and a significant, if sometimes covert, Jewish presence in partisan armies. Email: padrealex@yahoo.com; Twitter: @padrehoboken. It is also impossible not to read The Light of Days and see it as the current Polish governments worst nightmare in light of its controversial, some would say revisionist, stance regarding the role its citizens played in World War II: a book that presents the Holocaust in all its complexities, depicting some non-Jewish Poles as heroes but many others as aiding and abetting the Nazis or committing their own atrocities. Silence was a coping mechanism for many of these women. Renia Kukieka in Budapest, 1944. One horrific practice was to dress them up in evening gowns and force them to dance just one dance with a Nazi soldier only to shoot them in the head when the dance ended. With great acumenand a firm narrative instinct, she recovers an important part of history that has, for too long, been ignored. The book has 65 pages of endnotes and a lot of them say, I took this from this section and this from this, and this memoir said this and in this testimony it said something a little different, Batalion says. There are also more political reasons as to why this story was lost. Her book is an achievement,as rigorous as it is gripping. Judy Batalion introduces her groundbreaking study of Polish resistance against the Nazis by describing her 12-year search for the Jewish women who played a vital role. American Mildred Fish of Milwaukee goes to Germany to earn her Ph.D. in literature and marries Arvid Harnack, who becomes a special agent of the U.S. Embassy tasked with obtaining intelligence from key sources in Berlin for high-level U.S. Credit: Ghetto Fighters House Museum, Photo Archive, A Nazi Love Story About a Mass Murderer Who Got Away, The Road Not Taken: The Divergent Paths of Two Jewish Brothers From Warsaw, Picasso, Dior, Auschwitz and an Ayatollah: Uncovering a Secret Jewish Family History. Vladka Meed, passing as a Christian, smuggled correspondence and weapons to support the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. "She ran missions between Bedzin and Warsaw," Batalion said of Kukielka. But which narratives of the Holocaust do we recall? Twenty-five years ago, I dont know how many women historians would be pitching to women agents and women editors who would have been supportive.". The reasoning: feminists should not politicize the story. Others suffered debilitating survivors guilt. Israel has been an LGBTQ haven in the Middle East. But 2007 wasnt the right time for her to emotionally commit to such a mentally exhausting project. When Rishi Sunak laid out his five pledges at the start of the year, his first and most prominent one was to halve inflation in 2023. She channeled her torment into words. As a 15 I was also shocked by the scope of resistance participation: Over 90 European ghettos had armed Jewish underground movements. Inflation fell in the 12 months leading up to December 2022 to 10.5 []. Kaili out, Angel in: Is the EU Parliament starting afresh? When the Nazis occupied their native Poland, Jewish women, some barely into their teens, joined the resistance and risked their young lives to sabotage the regime. Outraged, she vowed to join the resistance. 1592/1, 'An Actor's Actor.' Sarah and her underground comrades bribed a guard with whiskey and cigarettes to rescue her from prison. Olaf Scholz at Davos: 2022 'challenged us as never before', World in 'sorry state' UN chief Guterres, Davos: Social entrepreneurs eye real change, Egyptian activists: We need to talk about abortion, Japan nuclear plant execs acquitted over Fukushima disaster, 'When you see antisemitism, act immediately'. These women were literally jumping off trains, running between towns, getting dressed up, dyeing their hair. Together with their descendants, they return to the grounds of the infamous death camp. Polish Jewish resistance women, captured after the destruction of the Warsaw Ghetto in 1943. Im writing history out of memoir, so I had to put together what happened, and when. Haviva Reich was also a paratrooper; shed convinced an American pilot to blind-drop her in Slovakia, where she organized shelter for thousands of refugees, rescued Allied service members, and helped children escape. Then, there, they got real married, altering their names yet again. Chance of rain 100%. She was shrewd, composed and strong. In fact, I have never met one that says Hey, Im not really that good. Most salespeople just think that their natural ability is what it takes to sell. They wanted their children to be healthy and happy and normal., As her own toddler starts screaming in the background, demanding her attention, Batalion just has time to express her hopes for a book 14 years, or perhaps several lifetimes, in the making: I just want people to know these stories. Thinking back to their stories of courage and bravery really helped me, she said. Ultimately however, The Light of Days is an intense and atmospheric tribute to the almost forgotten determination and courage of remarkable women such as Renia Kukielka and Zivia Lubetkin, whose Jewish youth groups fought the Nazis. But that wasnt the only unusual thing: Batalion actually speaks Yiddish too, so was able to read the 1946 book, called Freuen in di Ghettos (Women in the Ghettos). It was also a more Germanic Yiddish, and I grew up with a more Polish Yiddish). 2023 TIME USA, LLC. The authors research uncovered more incredible resistance stories than she ever could have imagined, but I wonder if she found any common traits among these young women to help explain their apparent fearlessness. I want people to know their legacy. Now, interested in hidden womens histories, we publish books based on these late-in-life conversations and ruminations. ", That she is a woman figured greatly in the genesis of the book. Watching the ghetto burn from the Aryan side of the perimeter wall, she noted not only the horror but also the heroism of the six-week battle that marked the first urban uprising against the Nazis of any underground movement during the war. We have a responsibility to do all we can so that something like this will never happen again," she says. What does it meanto her to have written the book? Her own extensive research included revisiting numerous wartime sites across Poland, reading and watching whatever testimonies existed, and interviewing the families of the women who survived the war. The Jewish community in Palestine was accused of not having provided enough help to European Jews. There are jewish families in Argentina with surname KUKIELKA In the Jewish cemetery of La Tablada, Buenos Aires, is buried some people with this surname. Vladka Meed, passing as a Christian, smuggled correspondence and weapons to support the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. Others were silenced by modesty, the disbelief they encountered, or the concern that focusing attention on active resisters implied criticism of others. Senesh, whod joined the Allied forces, became a poster child showing that they did. Niuta Teitelbaum as a schoolgirl in od, 1936. In his 2017 book Saving Ones Own, Mordechai Paldiel, the former director of the Righteous Among the Nations department at Yad Vashem, the Holocaust Remembrance center in Israel, claims that he was troubled by the fact that Jewish rescuers never received the same recognition as their Gentile counterparts. This really happened? She was the one who told me, You have to write this as a nonfiction book. Then just 1 a week for full website and app access. Batalion, who is the granddaughter of a Polish-Jewish survivor of the Holocaust, lives in New Yorkbut discovered the untold stories of these women at theBritish Library in London. Galvanised by largely left-wing youth activists and connected by mainly female couriers, Jewish defence groups were soon staging armed attacks and operations across occupied Poland. She was the only person Id ever heard of who volunteered to return and fight Hitler. The author didnt make life easy for herself by choosing to relate the stories of tens of different women (the film, by necessity, will have to focus on a couple of leading characters), and Batalion says this was her most difficult writing decision. To her amazement, Batalion, who knows Yiddish, discovered sabotage, rifles, disguise, dynamite. (Courtesy of Merav Waldman) The Light of Days highlights the incredible tenacity of Renia Kukielka, one of the youngest ghetto girls. The Light of Days the books title comes from a line written by a young Jewish girl for a ghetto song contest is both a profoundly moving and breathtaking read, full of tragic and audacious stories. She eventually escaped to Slovakia and then to Palestine, where she lived to be almost 90. I felt a shift in the zeitgeist. (Dror and other youth movements like Hashomer Hatzair became a de facto Jewish resistance network in the war.). Furthermore, much of this resistance was enabled, organised and led by women. Prices start at $65 per year. Batalion didnt set out to write this book, a dozen years in the making and already optioned for film rights by Steven Spielberg. Why has it taken so long for these stories to finally be told and for these women to get their three lines in history, as one young ghetto activist puts it? Its better to begin understanding Hitlers gradual rise to power as a dictator by reading the true story in All the Frequent Troubles of Our Days, by Rebecca Donner, first. The Light of Days highlights the incredible tenacity of Renia Kukielka, one of the youngest ghetto girls. The longest piece in Women in the Ghettos was a personal tale by Renia Kukielka, an 18-year-old Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our, Digital For them, Renia Kukielka wrote in her memoir, killing a person was easier than smoking a cigarette.. Most prominent was Renia Kukielka, whose Aryan features enabled her to present herself as a Catholic with all the fake IDs to allow her to escape capture. The Rev. Her older sister Sarah had moved away, becoming an activist in a secular Zionist organization. Many of these women suffered terrible survivors guilt. The Nazis decapitated a pregnant mother of seven for illegally slaughtering a pig, she writes. This was about 50% of all the recorded Kukielka's in USA. An abiding misconception of the second world war is that the Jews of Europe went passively to their deaths. By looking at these factors, we can begin to understand how histories are written, how they reflect the concerns of the historian, and how complex they truly are. Ghetto girls, such as the shy and serious pre-war socialist Zivia Lubetkin, rescued Jews from forced labour parties, helped build secret underground bunkers and in May 1943 fought with gun in hand as the Warsaw ghetto was liquidated, before leading her fellow fighters to relative safety through the sewer system. ", To view this video please enable JavaScript, and consider upgrading to a web browser that supports HTML5 video. Over 400,000 Jews were forced to live in the Warsaw ghetto alone. The Light of Days highlights the incredible tenacity of Renia Kukielka, one of the youngest ghetto girls. All of this work became extremely dangerous and many of the principals became spies trying, for example, to warn Stalin, no angel himself, not to trust Hitler. Members of The Young Guard in Wocawek, Poland, during Lag BaOmer, 1937. In Poland, Renia Kukielka took on the role of a courier girl, an underground operative traveling clandestinely from one Jewish ghetto to another. But the accounts often refer to the same events, which was also exciting as a researcher. It was an unusual book for the British Library to hold, since it was in Yiddish. Perhaps the standout figure in Judy Batalions account of courageous Jewish woman resisters during World War II, Kukileka was neither an One of the most important stories of World War II, already optioned by Steven Spielberg for a major motion picture: a spectacular, searing history that brings to light the extraordinary accomplishments of brave Jewish women who became resistance fightersa group of unknown heroes whose exploits have never been chronicled in full, until now. It is so deeply exciting for women to know that that's what our foremothers did. You have permission to edit this article. She, along with scores of other brave young women who passed as Aryans, were the vital connecting links between the ghettos, bringing news, smuggling false identification papers, and at times weapons, concealed on their bodies or in sacks of food and even jars of marmalade. My genes were stamped even altered, as neuroscientists now suggest by trauma, she writes in The Light of Days. I grew up in an aura of victimization and fear.. You know, Ive thought about this a lot, she says. This mornings inflation figures would suggest not so well. The heroines, including Renia Kukielka, Tosia Altman, Chajka Klinger, Zivia Lubetkin, and others, so intrigued Batalion that she started researching their stories. On June 22, 1941, Germany invaded Russia and killed and wounded over 600,000 Red Army members. Kukielka traveled across Poland smuggling weapons and messages; Hazan, who looked Aryan with her blond hair and fair complexion, disguised herself as a Polish nurse and provided food and medicine to forced laborers; Klinger was a leader in Hashomer Hatzair and helped organize their clandestine activities. These rebel women had Polish, Hebrew, and Yiddish names, as well as nicknames. On Thursday, April 8, Batalion, the author of White Walls: A Memoir About Motherhood, Daughterhood, and the Mess in Between, will discuss her book with historian Judith Rosenbaum, chief executive officer of the Jewish Womens Archive at 8 p.m. On Thursday, April 15, Batalion will speak in a 7 p.m. program with the Vilna Shul. Director Steven Spielberg has optioned the book for a motion picture and signed Batalion to co-write the screenplay. The German translation of the book is set to published this monthand comes at a time of ongoing debateabout how to keep the memory of the Holocaust alive as eyewitnesses grow increasingly older and pass away. the second world war. I was slow with this book because it was so challenging emotionally, intellectually and practically. Or they told them right after the war, like Renia, and that was it. A meeting of Zionist youth at the agricultural training farm in Bdzin, Poland, during the war. In the larger context of the war, their victories were small and their sacrifices great. The Light of Days conjures up many indelible images: women hiding razor blades in their hair; secret libraries and makeshift weapons labs being established in ghettos; female couriers donning layers of skirts to hide contraband in the folds; and young women determined not to go like sleep to the slaughter, to quote Jewish partisan leader Abba Kovners resistance mantra. A German photograph of sleeping quarters inside a bunker prepared by the Jewish resistance for the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 1943, Credit: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, courtesy of National Archives and Records Administration, College Park. Batalion hopes the stories of female heroism she resurrected serve to inspire future generations of all faiths, especially her own two daughters, both in elementary school. Renia herself did not promote her book; if anything, writing down her tale was therapeutic. They forget that this is a profession, and like any profession, it has rules, strategy, . They fear that highlighting fighters makes the Holocaust look not that bad. They also fear that glorifying resisters places too much focus on agency, implying that survival was more than luck, judging those who did not take up arms and ultimately blaming the victim. When Batalion read Renias memoir she felt as if shed discovered a kindred spirit a thoughtful writer processing her experiences. Shining a light on women resisters in Nazi Germany. Such cruelty is the constant theme of Batalions book, describing how after Hitler invaded Poland in 1939, the Nazis began to round up Jews for the concentration camps by emptying the ghettos. Low around 35F. Its so different from the more staid narrative I had been exposed to.. Others in Bedzin included Frumka Plotnicka and her younger sister, Hantze. View a list of stores and vendors. 2921/209. Batalion, who has so far been a quick conversationalist, having said morethan could possibly fit into a 30-minute interview,pauses. Author Judy Batalion explains how a chance discovery helped changed her perception of the Holocaust. Bela Hazan, a courier based in Grodno, was assigned by an employment office to work as a translator for the Gestapo. Find a copy of the Cleveland Jewish News. Propaganda from the Russian Front: The People Immortal, by Vasily Grossman, reviewed, Penny Mordaunt is wrong to lecture the Church of England on gay marriage. The womens names and the place names had so many confusing iterations Yiddish, Polish, Hebrew, English.. I so wanted to talk to their children and find out who these women became, she said. Copyright 2023 History Today Ltd. Company no. Women, in general, had long been left out of Holocaust narratives. "No,"she says. It took me about six months to do a rough first draft, she says. She also unearthed the writings of Renia Kukielka, who penned her memoir in 1945, after escaping to Palestine. But soon into my sleuthing, I happened to come across a 1946 anthology about dozens of young Jewish women who took similar risks. The Light of Days: The Untold Story of Women Resistance Fighters in Hitlers Ghettos, by Judy Batalion; William Morrow; 2021; $28.99. Batalion is the author of The Light of Days: The Untold Story of Women Resistance Fighters in Hitlers Ghettos and the memoir White Walls. We have a responsibility as Germans to ensure that these memories are not forgotten, that they are passed on to the next generation. "And the second is the experience of women in the Holocaust, which has been addressed more and more in recent years, but certainly not before that.". Among them was Malka Zdrojewicz (right), who survived Majdanek extermination camp. Batalion discovered the dusty tome by chance in Londons British Library while researching strong Jewish women. But let us strive for a heroic death.". In Poland, where in the past years, the government has tried to shape the Holocaust narrative by law, stories from the war and resistance, in particular, have been emphasized or downplayed based on political allegiances with communists, Soviets, and Polish nationalists. 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