The Federal Assembly | The Constitution of the Russian Federation", "Chapter 7. [557] Jazz, even with sanctions from Soviet authorities, flourished and evolved into one of the country's most popular musical forms. [643] Figure skating is another popular sport in Russia, especially pair skating and ice dancing. [365][366] Russia's oil and gas production has led to deep economic relationships with the European Union, China, and former Soviet and Eastern Bloc states. [495], Russian culture has been formed by the nation's history, its geographical location and its vast expanse, religious and social traditions, and Western influence. In 1991, the Russian SFSR emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as the independent Russian Federation. [7] It is structured as a multi-party representative democracy, with the federal government composed of three branches:[241], The president is elected by popular vote for a six-year term and may be elected no more than twice. . . : . WebRussian language, Russian Russki yazyk, principal state and cultural language of Russia. [432], Since the 1990s, Russia's death rate has exceeded its birth rate, which some analysts have called a demographic crisis. . 2017. After 1917, Marxist linguists had no interest in the multiplicity of peasant dialects and regarded their language as a relic of the rapidly disappearing past that was not worthy of scholarly attention. A Russian missile strike on an apartment building in Dnipro in central Ukraine has left at least 40 people dead, making it one of the deadliest single attacks of the war. [269], Russia maintains close relations with neighbouring Belarus, which is a part of the Union State, a supranational confederation of the two states. [121] The Soviet Union, ultimately, made the costly transformation from a largely agrarian economy to a major industrial powerhouse within a short span of time. 1, 2018 (In Print), Weekly 571 572 14 31 2013. In the 2010 census, roughly 81% of the population were ethnic Russians, and the remaining 19% of the population were ethnic minorities;[441] while over four-fifths of Russia's population was of European descentof which the vast majority were Slavs,[442] with a substantial minority of Finnic and Germanic peoples. Russian is written using a Cyrillic alphabet. [citation needed], Mikhail Lomonosov compiled the first book of Russian grammar aimed at standardization in 1755. [20] The current name of the country, code: rus promoted to code: ru (Rossiyacode: rus promoted to code: ru ), comes from the Byzantine Greek designation of the Rus', Rossa spelled code: ell promoted to code: el (Rosacode: ell promoted to code: el pronounced[rosia]) in Modern Greek. [646] The 1980 Summer Olympic Games were held in Moscow,[647] and the 2014 Winter Olympics and the 2014 Winter Paralympics were hosted in Sochi. [236] Although in decline, the country still has many ecosystems which are still onsidered intact forest; mainly in the northern taiga areas, and the subarctic tundra of Siberia. [523] The Russian Academy of Arts, which was established in 1757, to train Russian artists, brought Western techniques of secular painting to Russia. [citation needed] For details, see Russian phonology and History of the Russian language. (Ty syel pechnye? In winter, temperatures get colder both from south to north and from west to east. ", "The Constitution of the Russian Federation", "Chapter 5. [57], Kievan Rus' finally fell to the Mongol invasion of 12371240, which resulted in the sacking of Kiev and other cities, as well as the death of a major part of the population. [270] Serbia has been a historically close ally of Russia, as both countries share a strong mutual cultural, ethnic, and religious affinity. Academic Dictionary of the Russian Language (. [293], Human rights in Russia have been increasingly criticised by leading democracy and human rights groups. [31] Humans reached Arctic Russia at least 40,000 years ago, in Mamontovaya Kurya. It arose in the beginning of the 18th century with the modernization reforms of the Russian state under the rule of Peter the Great and developed from the Moscow (Middle or Central Russian) dialect substratum under the influence of some of the previous century's Russian chancery language. The reigns of Vladimir the Great (9801015) and his son Yaroslav the Wise (10191054) constitute the Golden Age of Kiev, which saw the acceptance of Orthodox Christianity from Byzantium, and the creation of the first East Slavic written legal code, the Russkaya Pravda. [411] In 1965, Alexei Leonov became the first human to conduct a spacewalk, exiting the space capsule during Voskhod 2. [622] Dziga Vertov's "Kino-Eye" theory had a huge impact on the development of documentary filmmaking and cinema realism. [102] The Russian Civil War broke out between the anti-communist White movement and the new Soviet regime with its Red Army. The consonants typically come in plain vs. palatalized pairs, which are traditionally called hard and soft. Sizable Russian-speaking communities also exist in North America, especially in large urban centers of the US and Canada, such as New York City, Philadelphia, Boston, Los Angeles, Nashville, San Francisco, Seattle, Spokane, Toronto, Calgary, Baltimore, Miami, Chicago, Denver, and Cleveland. The Russian perspective. The Russian invaders are preparing to defend the city of Enerhodar, Zaporizhzhia Oblast, by setting up barracks and ammunition storage points in the basements of residential buildings. Russian is notable for its distinction based on palatalization of most of its consonants. [16][d] It is the world's ninth-most populous country and Europe's most populous country, with a population of 146 million people. The Russian Genitive of Negation and Its Japanese Counterpart. Russian is the primary language of the overwhelming majority of people in Russia and is also used as a second language in [486] In 2019, the overall life expectancy in Russia at birth was 73.2 years (68.2 years for males and 78.0 years for females),[487] and it had a very low infant mortality rate (5 per 1,000 live births). . . Old New Year is celebrated on 14 January. [52] On September 5, 2017, Ukraine's Parliament passed a new education law which bars primary education to all students in any language but Ukrainian. WebThe Russians (Russian: , romanized: russkie) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe, who share a common Russian ancestry, culture, and history. Russian is still seen as an important language for children to learn in most of the former Soviet republics. [510] The year starts with New Year's Day on 1 January, soon followed by Russian Orthodox Christmas on 7 January; the two are the country's most popular holidays. Summers can be quite hot, even in Siberia. [509], Russia has eightpublic, patriotic, and religiousofficial holidays. A Russian man who reportedly is a former high-ranking member of the group has sought asylum in Norway, authorities said on Jan. 16, 2023. The punctuation, originally based on Byzantine Greek, was in the 17th and 18th centuries reformulated on the French and German models. [j] In 1993, when the new constitution was adopted, there were 89 federal subjects listed, but some were later merged. 1. [273][274], In the 21st century Russia has pursued an aggressive foreign policy aimed at securing regional dominance and international influence, as well as increasing domestic support for the government. A Russian missile strike on an apartment building in Dnipro in central Ukraine has left at least 40 people dead, making it one of the deadliest single attacks of the war. [406] Many foreign scientists lived and worked in Russia for a long period, such as Leonard Euler and Alfred Nobel. [113] Following Lenin's death in 1924, a troika was designated to take charge. During the post-World War II era, Russia was a central player in international affairs, locked in a Cold War struggle with the United States.In 1991, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia joined with [193] The invasion marked the largest conventional war in Europe since World WarII,[194] and was met with widespread international condemnation,[195] as well as expanded sanctions against Russia. [34] Early Indo-European migrations from the PonticCaspian steppe of Ukraine and Russia spread Yamnaya ancestry and Indo-European languages across large parts of Eurasia. Additional courses on the Russian language are open at two schools of the Cuban capital city. [82] Following his short reign, Catherine's strategy was continued with AlexanderI's (18011825) wresting of Finland from the weakened Sweden in 1809,[83] and of Bessarabia from the Ottomans in 1812. [70] In 1612, the Poles were forced to retreat by the Russian volunteer corps, led by merchant Kuzma Minin and prince Dmitry Pozharsky. Text taken from Frequently Asked Questions on Energy Security, International Energy Agency, the International Energy Agency. [161] In June 1991, Boris Yeltsin became the first directly elected president in Russian history when he was elected president of the Russian SFSR. [616] Among the 3,000 licensed radio stations nationwide, notable ones include Radio Rossii, Vesti FM, Echo of Moscow, Radio Mayak, and Russkoye Radio. Winter precipitation in most parts of the country usually falls as snow. [citation needed], In Uzbekistan, Russian is the language of inter-ethnic communication. ", "Russian crackdown brings pro-Navalny protests to halt", "The Victims of Putin's Crackdown On The Press", "Why Do Russian Journalists Keep Falling? 1. [73] In 1654, the Ukrainian leader, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, offered to place Ukraine under the protection of the Russian tsar, Alexis; whose acceptance of this offer led to another Russo-Polish War. [76] The reign of PeterI's daughter Elizabeth in 17411762 saw Russia's participation in the Seven Years' War (17561763). WebRussian language, Russian Russki yazyk, principal state and cultural language of Russia. [32], The Kurgan hypothesis places the Volga-Dnieper region of southern Russia and Ukraine as the urheimat of the Proto-Indo-Europeans. [583] Some writers dared to oppose Soviet ideology, such as Nobel Prize-winning novelist Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, who wrote about life in the Gulag camps. Russian emergency services told the state-run news agency Interfax that the sergeant accidentally detonated a hand grenade which caused ammunition to blow up and started a fire. Igor Sikorsky was an aviation pioneer. [61] During his long reign, Ivan nearly doubled the already large Russian territory by annexing the three Tatar khanates: Kazan and Astrakhan along the Volga,[65] and the Khanate of Sibir in southwestern Siberia. [390] Sofya Kovalevskaya was a pioneer among women in mathematics in the 19th century. WebRussian (Russian: , transliteration: russkiy yaz'ik) is a Slavic language.It is the main language spoken in Russia.It is also spoken by many people in other parts of the former Soviet Union, such as in Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Latvia, Lithuania, Turkmenistan and Estonia.. Russian, like other [56] Starting in 2019, instruction in Russian will be gradually discontinued in private colleges and universities in Latvia, and in general instruction in Latvian public high schools. [547] The later tradition of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, one of the greatest composers of the Romantic era, was continued into the 20th century by Sergei Rachmaninoff, one of the last great representatives of Romanticism in Russian and European classical music. The next day the Constituent Assembly was dissolved by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. [398] Ivan Pavlov is known chiefly for his work in classical conditioning. [607], Russia's national non-alcoholic drink is kvass,[608] and the national alcoholic drink is vodka; its creation in the nation dates back to the 14th century. [414] In 1968, Zond 5 brought the first Earthlings (two tortoises and other life forms) to circumnavigate the Moon. , ", "Article 16. Constitution of the Republic of Belarus", "Article 7. Russian is an East Slavic language of the wider Ino-European family. The standard language, based on the Moscow dialect, possesses heavy stress and moderate variation in pitch. [470], In 2012, the research organisation Sreda, in cooperation with the Ministry of Justice, published the Arena Atlas, an adjunct to the 2010 census, enumerating in detail the religious populations and nationalities of Russia, based on a large-sample country-wide survey. [422] Russia's international tourism receipts in 2018 amounted to $11.6 billion. [137], The 19411945 period of World WarII is known in Russia as the Great Patriotic War. [42] It is also regarded by the United States Intelligence Community as a "hard target" language, due to both its difficulty to master for English speakers and its critical role in U.S. world policy. Therefore, the Russian language is the seventh-largest in the world by number of speakers, after English, Mandarin, Hindi-Urdu, Spanish, French, Arabic and Portuguese. [23], The first human settlement on Russia dates back to the Oldowan period in the early Lower Paleolithic. [415] In 1970, Venera7 became the first spacecraft to land on another planet, Venus. [103] The monarchy was replaced by a shaky coalition of political parties that declared itself the Provisional Government. [479] There are ten highly prestigious federal universities across the country. Boris Yeltsin resigns in a shock live television announcement. [429], Russia is one of the world's most sparsely populated and urbanised countries,[7] with the vast majority of its population concentrated within its western part. [51][72] Russian is spoken by 14.2% of the population according to an undated estimate from the World Factbook. The vocabulary (mainly abstract and literary words), principles of word formations, and, to some extent, inflections and literary style of Russian have been also influenced by Church Slavonic, a developed and partly Russified form of the South Slavic Old Church Slavonic language used by the Russian Orthodox Church. [454] However, various experts have claimed Russia's linguistic diversity is rapidly declining due to many languages becoming endangered. These vowels have several allophones, which are displayed on the diagram to the right. A separate private health insurance plan is needed to access private healthcare in Russia. [174] The 1990s were plagued by armed conflicts in the North Caucasus, both local ethnic skirmishes and separatist Islamist insurrections. [29] The discovery of high concentration cultural remains of anatomically modern humans, from at least 40,000 years ago, was found at KostyonkiBorshchyovo,[30] and at Sungir, dating back to 34,600 years agoboth in western Russia. WebRussian ( s) refers to anything related to Russia, including: Russians ( , russkiye ), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries. [citation needed], In addition to the modern Russian alphabet, Unicode (and thus UTF-8) encodes the Early Cyrillic alphabet (which is very similar to the Greek alphabet), and all other Slavic and non-Slavic but Cyrillic-based alphabets. Russian developed under a strong influence of Church Slavonic until the close of the 17thcentury; afterward the influence reversed, leading to corruption of liturgical texts. In 1703, on the Baltic Sea, Peter founded Saint Petersburg as Russia's new capital. [91] Nicholas's successor AlexanderII (18551881) enacted significant changes throughout the country, including the emancipation reform of 1861. [604] Salads include Olivier salad,[605] vinegret,[606] and dressed herring. [citation needed], The Russian language in the world declined after 1991 due to the collapse of the Soviet Union and decrease in the number of Russians in the world and diminution of the total population in Russia (where Russian is an official language), however this[clarification needed] has since been reversed. [49] The East Slavs gradually settled western Russia in two waves: one moving from Kiev towards present-day Suzdal and Murom and another from Polotsk towards Novgorod and Rostov. WebThe Russian Federation (Russia) is physically the largest country in the world, covering 6.6 million square miles and 11 time zones over its 6,000-mile length. With the onset of the Cold War, it competed with the United States for global ideological influence; the Soviet era of the 20th century saw some of the most significant Russian technological achievements, including the first human-made satellite and the first human expedition into outer space. [226] In many regions of East Siberia and the Russian Far East, winter is dry compared to summer; while other parts of the country experience more even precipitation across seasons. [497] It can be traced to the Middle Ages, when epics and chronicles in Old East Slavic were composed. [154] In 1979, after a communist-led revolution in Afghanistan, Soviet forces invaded the country, ultimately starting the SovietAfghan War. [7][8][9] It has some official roles, being permitted in official documentation and is the lingua franca of the country and the language of the elite. Can Russians from different locations of the country understand each other? Official Calls for Tribunal for War Crimes in Ukraine", "E.U. Nakhimovsky quotes the Soviet academicians A.M Ivanov and L.P Yakubinsky, writing in 1930: The language of peasants has a motley diversity inherited from feudalism. On its way to becoming proletariat peasantry brings to the factory and the industrial plant their local peasant dialects with their phonetics, grammar and vocabulary the very process of recruiting workers from peasants and the mobility of worker population generate another process: the liquidation of peasant inheritance by way of leveling the particulars of local dialects. [52], In Estonia, Russian is spoken by 29.6% of the population according to a 2011 estimate from the World Factbook,[53] and is officially considered a foreign language. [641][642], Historically, Russian athletes have been one of the most successful contenders in the Olympic Games. The Russian president this week hailed his 'prisoner army' with his spokesman declaring Russia 'must know - and knows - its heroes'. Others divide the language into three groupings, Northern, Central (or Middle), and Southern, with Moscow lying in the Central region. [566], After the Russian Revolution of 1917, Russian literature split into Soviet and white migr parts. [104] The Provisional Government proclaimed the Russian Republic in September. [373] Russia was also the world's fourth-largest nuclear energy producer in 2019,[374] and was the fifth-largest hydroelectric producer in 2021. Rossiyane ( ), Russian language term for all citizens and people of Russia, regardless of ethnicity. [631] Russian clubs CSKA Moscow and Zenit Saint Petersburg won the UEFA Cup in 2005 and 2008. [77] However, upon Elizabeth's death, all these conquests were returned to the Kingdom of Prussia by pro-Prussian PeterIII of Russia. [417]:3460 During the same period, Lunokhod 1 became the first space exploration rover,[418] while Salyut1 became the world's first space station. .: , 1990. Russian peasants, the great majority of the population, continued to speak in their own dialects. [citation needed], All the obsolete 8-bit encodings are rarely used in the communication protocols and text-exchange data formats, having been mostly replaced with UTF-8. [71] The Romanov dynasty acceded to the throne in 1613 by the decision of the Zemsky Sobor, and the country started its gradual recovery from the crisis. [427] Saint Petersburg, the Imperial capital, is famous for its classical architecture, cathedrals, museums and theatres, white nights, criss-crossing rivers and numerous canals. Wikisource has original works on the topic: . During the conflict, Russian troops overran East Prussia, reaching Berlin. [44], The inhabitants of Rus' regional centres would later evolve into modern nationalities: Belarusians in the northwest, Russians in the north and northeast, and Ukrainians in the southeast and southwest. [142] However, at the expense of a large sacrifice, the Soviet Union emerged as a global superpower. [156], From 1985 onwards, the last Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, who sought to enact liberal reforms in the Soviet system, introduced the policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to end the period of economic stagnation and to democratise the government. [64][65], In the 20th century, Russian was a mandatory language taught in the schools of the members of the old Warsaw Pact and in other countries that used to be satellites of the USSR. Besides Russia itself, Russian is an official language in Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan, and is used widely as a lingua franca throughout Ukraine, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and to some extent in the Baltic states. Crops of rye, wheat, barley, and millet provide the ingredients for various breads, pancakes and cereals, as well as for many drinks. WebRussian is an East Slavic language of the wider Ino-European family. [52] On February 18, 2012, Latvia held a constitutional referendum on whether to adopt Russian as a second official language. Leo Tolstoy's ( ) War and Peace, contain entire paragraphs and even pages in French with no translation given, with an assumption that educated readers would not need one. (. [638] The Russian national basketball team won the EuroBasket 2007,[639] and the Russian basketball club PBC CSKA Moscow is among the most successful European basketball teams. [533] Following the Christianization of Kievan Rus', for several centuries it was influenced predominantly by Byzantine architecture. [263] Russia is one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. United Russia is the dominant political party in Russia, and has been described as "big tent" and the "party of power". [453] The constitution gives the country's individual republics the right to establish their own state languages in addition to Russian, as well as guarantee its citizens the right to preserve their native language and to create conditions for its study and development. [100] In 1916, the Brusilov Offensive of the Imperial Russian Army almost completely destroyed the Austro-Hungarian Army. In the 18th and the late 19th centuries, a period known as the "Golden Age" of Russian Literature, the grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation of the Russian language in a standardized literary form emerged. Stress marks are mandatory in lexical dictionaries and books for children or Russian learners. [350], Railway transport in Russia is mostly under the control of the state-run Russian Railways. [590] Leon Trotsky, on the other hand, founded Trotskyism. [22] There are two words in Russian which are commonly translated into English as "Russians" one is "code: rus promoted to code: ru " (russkiyecode: rus promoted to code: ru ), which most often refers to ethnic Russians and the other is "code: rus promoted to code: ru " (rossiyanecode: rus promoted to code: ru ), which refers to citizens of Russia, regardless of ethnicity. See History of the Russian language for an account of the successive foreign influences on Russian. [511] Defender of the Fatherland Day, dedicated to men, is celebrated on 23 February. [584], Russian philosophy has been greatly influential. [87] There is a high degree of mutual intelligibility between Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian, and a moderate degree of it in all modern Slavic languages, at least at the conversational level.[88][89]. (T syel pechenye? [216] The lowest point in Russia and Europe, is situated at the head of the Caspian Sea, where the Caspian Depression reaches some 29 metres (95.1ft) below sea level. [17] However, the proper name[which?] Russian, the most spoken Slavic language, is the shared mother tongue of the Russians; and Orthodox Christianity is their historical religion since the 11th century. AlexanderII was assassinated in 1881 by revolutionary terrorists. [624][625] In 196168 Sergey Bondarchuk directed an Oscar-winning film adaptation of Leo Tolstoy's epic War and Peace, which was the most expensive film made in the Soviet Union. ", International Institute for Strategic Studies, "Russian Military Reform and Defense Policy", "Nuclear Weapons: Who Has What at a Glance", "Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2020", Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, "Russian Arms Sales and Defense Industry", "Ukraine war: Protester exposes cracks in Kremlin's war message", "In Russia's Election, Putin's Opponents Are Seeing Double", "In Shadow of Navalny Case, What's Left of the Russian Opposition? [252], According to the constitution, the Russian Federation is composed of 89 federal subjects. The country's achievements in the field of space technology and space exploration can be traced back to Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, the father of theoretical astronautics, whose works had inspired leading Soviet rocket engineers, such as Sergey Korolyov, Valentin Glushko, and many others who contributed to the success of the Soviet space program in the early stages of the Space Race and beyond. Russian is the primary language of the overwhelming majority of people in Russia and is also used as a second language in [416] In 1971, Mars3 became the first spacecraft to land on Mars. [537], After the reforms of Peter the Great, Russia's architecture became influenced by Western European styles. Boris Yeltsin resigns in a shock live television announcement. [385] Since 1904, Nobel Prize were awarded to 26 Soviets and Russians in physics, chemistry, medicine, economy, literature and peace. [279] Russia maintains cordial relations with Iran, as it is a strategic and economic ally. [87], During the Napoleonic Wars, Russia joined alliances with various European powers, and fought against France. Russia is home to 30 UNESCO World Heritage Sites. They are the The hard consonants are often velarized, especially before front vowels, as in Irish and Marshallese. Jan 17 (Reuters) - President Vladimir Putin said on Tuesday that the Russian economy was likely to have shrunk by 2.5% in 2022, but that it was performing better than most experts had predicted. [citation needed]. Other major urban areas include Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, and Kazan. [399] Lev Landau made fundamental contributions to many areas of theoretical physics. [612] Tea has been popular in Russia for centuries. [328] During the 2022 invasion of Ukraine, Russia has set up filtration camps where many Ukrainians are subjected to abuses and forcibly sent to Russia; the camps have been compared to those used in the Chechen Wars. Russian artillery fire down 75% in some areas, US officials say, in latest sign of struggles for Moscow. [227], Throughout much of the territory, there are only two distinct seasons, winter and summer; as spring and autumn are usually brief periods of change between extremely low and extremely high temperatures. Mike Myrianthis, a Greek oil industry veteran, believes that whoever bombed the Nord Stream 2 pipeline opened a can of worms. [410]:67,333, In 1957, the first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite, Sputnik1, was launched. Ivan Goncharov is remembered mainly for his novel Oblomov. Percentage of ethnic Russians by region according to the 2010 census. [369] Greenhouse gas emissions by Russia are the world's fourth-largest. This encoding was and still is widely used in UNIX-like operating systems. Russian is also spoken in Israel. [440] There are over 193 ethnic groups nationwide. Alexander Herzen is known as one of the fathers of agrarian populism. Some examples are: ([vzglat] vzglyad, 'glance'), ([gsdarstf] gosudarstv, 'of the states'), ([stritlstf] stroitelstv, 'of the constructions'). [82], Russian is a rather homogeneous language, in dialectal variation, due to the early political centralization under Moscow's rule, compulsory education, mass migration from rural to urban areas in the 20th century, and other factors. On the territories of modern Belarus and Ukraine emerged Ruthenian and in modern Russia medieval Russian. [226], The coastal part of Krasnodar Krai on the Black Sea, most notably Sochi, and some coastal and interior strips of the North Caucasus possess a humid subtropical climate with mild and wet winters. [19], A Medieval Latin version of the name Rus' was Ruthenia, which was used as one of several designations for East Slavic and Eastern Orthodox regions, and commonly as a designation for the lands of Rus'. WebRussia ( Russian: , Rossiya, [rsij] ), or the Russian Federation, [c] is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. [299] The Russian government has been widely criticised by political dissidents and human rights activists for unfair elections,[300] crackdowns on opposition political parties and protests,[301][302] persecution of non-governmental organisations and enforced suppression and killings of independent journalists,[303][304][305] and censorship of mass media and internet. Some scholars and collectors compiled local dictionaries. We have almost no studies of lexical material or the syntax of Russian dialects.[45]. [57][58][needs update], In Lithuania, Russian has no official or any legal status, but the use of the language has some presence in certain areas. [101] However, the already-existing public distrust of the regime was deepened by the rising costs of war, high casualties, and rumors of corruption and treason. 31 Dec 1999: Putin Presidency begins in Russia. [349] Economists suggest the sanctions will have a long-term effect over the Russian economy. The dialects often show distinct and non-standard features of pronunciation and intonation, vocabulary, and grammar. The United Kingdom, Germany, Finland, Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Belgium, Greece, Norway, and Austria have significant Russian-speaking communities. [167] The depression of the economy led to the collapse of social servicesthe birth rate plummeted while the death rate skyrocketed,[168][169] and millions plunged into poverty;[170] while extreme corruption,[171] as well as criminal gangs and organised crime rose significantly. georgia cps records request, Herzen is known chiefly for his novel Oblomov Constitution, the Russian revolution of,... Held a constitutional referendum on whether to adopt Russian as a global superpower due many. Questions on Energy Security, International Energy Agency revolution of 1917, Russian Russki yazyk principal. 643 ] Figure skating is another popular sport in Russia on palatalization of most of its consonants other... 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