), $81.504 billion (2021 est.) Stay on top of Russia-Ukraine war latest developments on the ground with Al Jazeeras fact-based news, exclusive video footage, photos and updated maps. Ukraine was the center of the first eastern Slavic state, Kyivan Rus, which during the 10th and 11th centuries was the largest and most powerful state in Europe. ), total petroleum production: 57,700 bbl/day (2021 est. As observed on the physical map of Ukraine above the northern reaches of the Carpathian Mountains stretch across western Ukraine. Ukraine returned to international debt markets in September 2017, issuing a $3 billion sovereign bond. ), $117.41 billion (2019 est. The Autonomous Republic of Crimea borders Ukraine to the south. The northeastern and southeastern portions of Ukraine are occupied by low uplands rarely reaching an elevation of 1,000 feet (300 metres). A peaceful mass protest referred to as the "Orange Revolution" in the closing months of 2004 forced the authorities to overturn a rigged presidential election and to allow a new internationally monitored vote that swept into power a reformist slate under Viktor YUSHCHENKO. note: data are in current year dollars$63.085 billion (2020 est.) It is bounded by the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov in the south. Mountainous areas such as the Ukrainian Carpathians and Crimean Mountains occur only on the countrys borders and account for barely 5 percent of its area. However, this agreement failed to stop the fighting or find a political solution. ), household consumption: 66.5% (2017 est. unitary multiparty republic with a single legislative house (Verkhovna Rada, The autonomous hetman state and Sloboda Ukraine, Right Bank and western Ukraine until the Partitions of Poland, Ukraine under direct imperial Russian rule, Western Ukraine under the Habsburg monarchy, World War I and the struggle for independence, The New Economic Policy and Ukrainization, Western Ukraine under Soviet and Nazi rule, The Orange Revolution and the Yushchenko presidency, Russian invasion and annexation of Crimea, The Zelensky presidency and continued Russian aggression, The Zelensky-Trump phone call and the COVID-19 pandemic, The Russian buildup and the Battle of Kyiv, The Ukrainian refugee crisis and Russian war crimes, Central Intelligence Agency - The World Factbook - Ukraine, Ukraine - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Ukraine - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). ), fossil fuels: 37.6% of total installed capacity (2020 est. )from petroleum and other liquids: 30.365 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. Invest in Ukraine. Located in Central Eastern Europe, Ukraine () represents the largest European country by territory in that part of the world. )percent of population: 94.5% (July 2022 est. Prehistoric Ukraine, as a part of the Pontic steppe in Eastern Europe, played an important role in Eurasian cultural contacts, including the spread of the Chalcolithic, the Bronze Age, Indo-European migrations and the domestication of the horse. 982 (VOLODYMYR I consolidates Kyivan Rus); 1199 (Principality (later Kingdom) of Ruthenia formed); 1648 (establishment of the Cossack Hetmanate); 22 January 1918 (from Soviet Russia), Independence Day, 24 August (1991); note - 22 January 1918, the day Ukraine first declared its independence from Soviet Russia, and the date the short-lived Western and Greater (Eastern) Ukrainian republics united (1919), is now celebrated as Unity Day, history: several previous; latest adopted and ratified 28 June 1996amendments: proposed by the president of Ukraine or by at least one third of the Supreme Council members; adoption requires simple majority vote by the Council and at least two-thirds majority vote in its next regular session; adoption of proposals relating to general constitutional principles, elections, and amendment procedures requires two-thirds majority vote by the Council and approval in a referendum; constitutional articles on personal rights and freedoms, national independence, and territorial integrity cannot be amended; amended several times, last in 2019, civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts, has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt, citizenship by birth: nocitizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Ukrainedual citizenship recognized: noresidency requirement for naturalization: 5 years, chief of state: President Volodymyr ZELENSKYY (since 20 May 2019)head of government: Prime Minister Denys SHMYHAL (since 4 March 2020)cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, approved by the Verkhovna Radaelections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 31 March and 21 April 2019 (next to be held in March 2024); prime minister selected by the Verkhovna Radaelection results: 2019: Volodymyr ZELENSKYY elected president; percent of vote in the first round Volodymyr ZELENSKYY (Servant of the People) 30.2%, Petro POROSHENKO (BPP-Solidarity) 15.6%, Yuliya TYMOSHENKO (Fatherland) 13.4%, Yuriy BOYKO (Opposition Platform-For Life) 11.7%, 35 other candidates 29.1%; percent of vote in the second round Volodymyr ZELENSKYY (Servant of the People) 73.2%, Petro POROSHENKO (BPP-Solidarity) 24.5%, other 2.3%; Denys SHMYHAL (independent) elected prime minister; Verkhovna Rada vote - 291-592014: Petro POROSHENKO elected president in the first round; percent of vote - Petro POROSHENKO (independent) 54.5%, Yuliya TYMOSHENKO (Fatherland) 12.9%, Oleh LYASHKO (Radical Party) 8.4%, other 24.2%; Volodymyr HROYSMAN (BPP) elected prime minister; Verkhovna Rada vote - 257-50note: there is also a National Security and Defense Council or NSDC originally created in 1992 as the National Security Council; the NSDC staff is tasked with developing national security policy on domestic and international matters and advising the president; a presidential administration helps draft presidential edicts and provides policy support to the president, description: unicameral Supreme Council or Verkhovna Rada (450 seats; 225 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 225 directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by closed, party-list proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)elections: last held on 21 July 2019 (next to be held in July 2024)election results: percent of vote by party - Servant of the People 43.2%, Opposition Platform-For Life 13.1%, Batkivshchyna 8.2%, European Solidarity 8.1%, Voice 5.8%, other 21.6%; Servant of the People 254, Opposition Platform for Life 43, Batkivshchyna 26, European Solidarity 25, Voice 20, Opposition Bloc 6, Svoboda 1, Self Reliance 1, United Centre 1, Bila Tserkva Together 1, Independents 46; note - voting not held in Crimea and parts of two Russian-occupied eastern oblasts leaving 26 seats vacant; although this brings the total to 424 elected members (of 450 potential), article 83 of the constitution mandates that a parliamentary majority consists of 226 seats, highest court(s): Supreme Court of Ukraine or SCU (consists of 100 judges, organized into civil, criminal, commercial and administrative chambers, and a grand chamber); Constitutional Court (consists of 18 justices); High Anti-Corruption Court (consists of 39 judges, including 12 in the Appeals Chamber)judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges recommended by the High Qualification Commission of Judges (a 16-member state body responsible for judicial candidate testing and assessment and judicial administration), submitted to the High Council of Justice, a 21-member independent body of judicial officials responsible for judicial self-governance and administration, and appointed by the president; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 65; High Anti-Corruption Court judges are selected by the same process as Supreme Court justices, with one addition a majority of a combined High Qualification Commission of Judges and a 6-member Public Council of International Experts must vote in favor of potential judges in order to recommend their nomination to the High Council of Justice; this majority must include at least 3 members of the Public Council of International Experts; Constitutional Court justices appointed - 6 each by the president, by the Congress of Judges, and by the Verkhovna Rada; judges serve 9-year nonrenewable terms, Batkivshchyna (Fatherland) [Yuliya TYMOSHENKO]European Solidarity or YeS [Petro POROSHENKO] Holos (Voice or Vote) [Kira RUDYK]Opposition Bloc [Evgeny MURAYEV] (formerly known as Opposition Bloc Party for Peace and Development, successor of the Industrial Party of Ukraine, and resulted from a schism in the original Opposition Bloc in 2019; banned in court June 2022; ceased to exist in July 2022)Opposition Bloc or OB (divided into Opposition Bloc - Party for Peace and Development and Opposition Platform - For Life in 2019; ceased to exist in July 2022)Opposition Platform - For Life [Yuriy BOYKO] (resulted from a schism in the original Opposition Bloc in 2019; activities suspended by the National Security and Defense Countil in March 2022; dissolved in April 2022)Radical Party or RPOL [Oleh LYASHKO]Samopomich (Self Reliance) [Oksana Ivanivna SYROYID]Servant of the People [Olena Oleksiivna SHULIAK]Svoboda (Freedom) [Oleh TYAHNYBOK], Australia Group, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CEI, CICA (observer), CIS (participating member, has not signed the 1993 CIS charter), EAEC (observer), EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GCTU, GUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZCnote: Ukraine is an EU candidate country whose satisfactory completion of accession criteria is required before being granted full EU membership, chief of mission: Ambassador Oksana Serhiyivna MARKAROVA (since 7 July 2021)chancery: 3350 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007telephone: [1] (202) 349-2963FAX: [1] (202) 333-0817email address and website: [emailprotected]; [emailprotected]https://usa.mfa.gov.ua/enconsulate(s) general: Chicago, New York, San Francisco, chief of mission: Ambassador Bridget A. [1] [2] [3] After former President YANUKOVYCH fled the country during the Revolution of Dignity, Ukraines economy fell into crisis because of Russias annexation of Crimea, military conflict in the eastern part of the country, and a trade war with Russia, resulting in a 17% decline in GDP, inflation at nearly 60%, and dwindling foreign currency reserves. Invest in Ukraine. )wind: 1.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est. Stay on top of Russia-Ukraine war latest developments on the ground with Al Jazeeras fact-based news, exclusive video footage, photos and updated maps. After Russia, the Ukrainian Republic was the most important economic component of the former Soviet Union, producing about four times the output of the next-ranking republic. Please select which sections you would like to print: Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Ukraine is bordered by 7 European Nations: by Belarus in the north; by Hungary, Slovakia and Poland in the west; by Moldova and Romania in the southwest; and by Russia in the east and northeast. )proven reserves: 1,104,355,000,000 cubic meters (2021 est. It has been marked on the map above by a yellow upright triangle. Numerous waterfalls are found in both the Carpathian and Crimean Mountains. Ukraine Known as limans, these bodies of water form at the mouths of rivers or ephemeral streams and are blocked off by sandbars from the sea. Updates? As the Russia-Ukraine war enters its 329th day, we take a look at the main developments. Russia, Hungary, Romania, Moldova, Slovakia, Belarus, Poland. )arable land: 56.1% (2018 est. Three large artesian basinsthe Volyn-Podilsk, the Dnieper, and the Black Seaare exceptionally important for municipal needs and agriculture as well. Watch live. A prohibition on commercial trade with separatist-controlled territories in early 2017 has not impacted Ukraines key industrial sectors as much as expected, largely because of favorable external conditions. The latest news as Russian president Vladimir Putin could soon decide to escalate the crisis at the Ukraine-Russia border and invade Ukraine. )note: Excluding the temporarily occupied territories of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, the city of Sevastopol and part of the anti-terrorist operation zone. The capital is Kyiv, located on the Dnieper River in north-central Ukraine. The invasion has received near universal international condemnation, and many countries have imposed sanctions on Russia and supplied humanitarian and military aid to Ukraine. )consumption: 124,533,790,000 kWh (2019 est. U.S. citizens in Ukraine: follow Embassy Kyiv and TravelGov on Twitter, and complete this form so we can communicate with you. Much of central Ukraine is covered by plateaus and fertile plains (steppes), somewhat hilly areas of grasslands and shrublands. Ukraines Zelenskyy invites Chinas President Xi for dialogue, Ukraine mourns latest tragedy as Putin promises Russian victory. See the State Departments travel website for the Worldwide Caution and Travel Advisories. The country sits on the southwestern part of the Russian Plain and is bordered by the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov to the south, Russia to the east and north, Belarus to the north, Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary to the west, and Romania and Moldova to the south.About 95% of the country is flat with an average elevation of the land is only 574 ft (175 m). )expenditures: 31.55 billion (2017 est. By early 2022, more than 14,000 civilians were killed or wounded as a result of the Russian intervention in eastern Ukraine.On 24 February 2022, Russia escalated its conflict with Ukraine by invading the country on several fronts in what has become the largest conventional military attack on a sovereign state in Europe since World War II. Several of the larger rivers are navigable, including the Dnieper, Danube, Dniester, Pripet (Prypyat), Donets, and Southern Buh (in its lower course). Russian leaders remarks come as Kyiv grapples with the loss of its interior minister in a deadly helicopter crash. The Black Sea Coastal Lowlands cover the southern edges of the country. )refined petroleum consumption: 248,100 bbl/day (2019 est. Russia made substantial gains in the early weeks of the invasion but underestimated Ukrainian resolve and combat capabilities. Proven reserves: 1,104,355,000,000 cubic meters ( 2021 est. petroleum and other liquids 30.365... 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