After explaining the treaty terms, the Duck Lake chiefs and headmen also signed the treaty. In the summer of 1875, messengers from the Canadian government came to Cree territory to inform them that the government would be coming to negotiate a Treaty with them the following summer of 1876. [56] The tactic of withholding food from reserves will be used by the Canadian government to force cooperation. Just before the Treaty party left Fort Pitt, Also, he did not want his people to be under the rule of the Crown, and said to the people, I heard the Governor was coming and I said I shall see him; when I see him I will make a request that he will save me from what I most dread that is: the rope to be about my neck. Big Bear, a proud Cree, was using a, Thirteen years later in 1889, the Lac La Ronge and Montreal Lake Bands adhered to Treaty Six which expanded the territory of Treaty Six. In 1871, a delegation of Chiefs went to Fort Edmonton to meet with Chief Factor W.J. Sweet Grass during the signing of the treaty was one of the most well-regarded plains Cree chiefs and was given a position of importance during negotiations. This has led to conflict over the clauses of the agreement. This propelled him to work with the Canadian and eventually sign Treaty Six. In the 1970s and 1980s, the Indian Association of Alberta and the Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations conducted reports that outlined elders views on the treaty and on the concept of land cession. There were a lot of doubts and heavy conversations among the First Nations, they were not convinced that this new way of life would be able to sustain them into the future. At the beginning of 1870, buffalo were plentiful within the plains. Chief Sweetgrass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians but was killed about six months later. Morris reassured the First Nations that their way of life and survival would not be disturbed and guaranteed well into the future. He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass). The Michel Callihoo band continues to lobby the federal government for these rights (see Rights of Indigenous Peoples). [25] The lack of trapping territory, along with the decline of the buffalo left the Cree helpless. It remained to be seen whether it was a bad omen. Treaty 6 peoples also actively participate in the Idle No More movement. The Crees were advised by members of Yellowquills band to prevent the treaty party from crossing the river as they were unhappy about the terms of Treaty 4. Other members of the negotiating team included treaty commissioners William Joseph Christie (an HBC officer) and James McKay (Mtis fur trader and politician), as well as translators, assistants and NWMP escorts. The Treaty party left Fort Pitt and made their way back to Fort Garry. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Many chiefs signed adhesions to Treaty 6 in the years after 1876, seeing it as the only viable option to protect their people and provide a better life for them. Included would be a medicine chest kept at the Indian Agents homes for the use of the First Nations but at the discretion of the Indian Agent. [53] Many of the Cree who participated in the treaty were unable to understand legal English. Chief Sweetgrass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians but was killed about six months later. They believed that the land was sacred. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. After meeting with the First Nation Chiefs, Christie wrote a letter at their request and on their behalf to Lieutenant-Governor Archibald to state what the leaders were asking for and their concerns. From here the group made income from farming and lumber sale, supplemented with traditional methods as much as possible. Treaty 6 was signed by the commissioners and the head chiefs of the Carlton bands on 23 August 1876. [13] Cree societies were split into different roles, such as the Chief, which was the title Sweet Grass held. Christie, the officer in charge of the Hudsons Bay Company for the Saskatchewan District. Gov. [17], The position of chief within the Cree varied from tribe to tribe and each had varying levels of authority over the band. There were many subsequent adhesions to the treaty by individual bands, well into the 20th century. We want you to be aware of the benefits, credits and requirements that apply to you. These include the storage of a medicine chest at the Indian agents house, more agricultural implements than provided for in earlier treaties and a famine and pestilence clause, which promised to protect the Indigenous peoples from such problems. The government wanted tribes to become more democratic in its governing of the reserves and rely less on the chiefs who traditionally were the leaders of the community. By this time, the only known buffalo herds left were located in the Cypress Hills. We Send these words by our Master Mr.Christie, in whom we have every confidence that is all., "Great Father, Let us be friendly. [8] Children did not wear much clothing and boys wore nothing until the age of five. That afternoon, Treaty Six was signed by the Treaty Commissioners, the Lieutenant Governor, followed by Chiefs Mistawasis, Ahtahkakoop, and 11 other Chiefs, and 44 Headmen. [3] After being forced to set up camp along a river due to a snow storm, a member of their war party left to collect food and spotted a lone member of the Blackfoot on foot rounding up horses. How did Treaty 6 affect the First Nations? Mistahimaskwa was not the only chief who initially refused to sign the treaty. Chiefs Ahtukukoop and Mistawasis held more influence in Cree political and social circles than Pitikwahanapiwiyin and, as a result, the other chiefs and leaders agreed that entering into a treaty with the Crown was the best option. Sweet Grass (also Sweetgrass or Wikaskokiseyin or Wihaskokiseyin) ( c. 1815 - on or shortly before January 11, 1877) was a chief of the Cree in the 1860s and 1870s in western Canada. They were mostly Woods Cree and Dene and had not been influenced by Christianity and farming as the others who signed Treaty at Fort Carlton (Stonechild and Waiser 22). Born about 1825 to the Cree/Ojibwa Chief Black Powder, Big Bear assumed power while still a young man after demonstrating his spiritual power and leadership qualities. Since the signing of Treaty 6 in 1876, there have been disagreements between Indigenous signatories and the federal government, stemming from misunderstandings about the true meaning and intention of the treaty terms. Morris reassured the terms of the treaty, I want the Indians to understand that all that has been offered is a gift, and they still have the same mode of living as before (Christensen 268). At that time, they as well were facing low fur prices, and poor hunting and fishing. [17] After death, the soul would wonder the earth for four days, and then would travel to the land of the dead, which was believed to be in the Milky Way. Schools were to be established on reserves. Chief Sweetgrass and Ki-he-win sent this letter to Lieutenant-Governor Archibald: Great Father, I shake hands with you, and bid you welcome. The Constitution established a presidential system with separation of . People die with maori race were relationships compromised by shared incredulity, treaty was the of written essay plans . Treaties were a way of settling disputes for land, trading, hunting and gathering, marriage between tribes, and ending wars. The significance of the ceremony was an invitation to the Creator to witness the proceedings and provide guidance; it also signified that it committed the participants into telling the truth. By 1870 Canada was made up of four provinces: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. What happened when Chief Sweetgrass signed Treaty 6? Morris agreed to hear Big Bear out, but the course of the Treaty proceedings with the other First Nations had already concluded and this put Big Bear in a difficult position to be able to negotiate any further. Harold Cardinal and Walter Hildebrand, Treaty Elders of Saskatchewan: Our Dream is that Our Peoples Will One Day Be Clearly Recognized As Nations (2000). What was the outcome of Chief Sweetgrass signing Treaty 6? In the face of survival, the Cree started to assemble and meet with one another to discuss their approach to the government. to the signing of a treaty had strong cultural and spiritual significance. Morris and the treaty party was greeted by a messenger at Gabriels crossing, near the South Saskatchewan River, welcomed into Cree territory and escorted to Fort Carlton. Some of the Chiefs and their people were hunting on the prairies and the ones that were present wanted to wait for the others while a message was sent for them to attend the meeting. It does not store any personal data. Sweet Grass converted to Christianity in 1870, [25] being baptized into Catholicism with the name Abraham. (Stonechild and Waiser 26), Mista Muskwa (Big Bear) monument on the Poundmaker Cree NationPhoto Credit: Deanne Kasokeo. What were the main terms of Treaty 6? Chief Sweetgrass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians but was killed about six months later. The ceremony ended with dancing, drums, and singing of the men and women in the background (Christensen 235). The treaty boundaries extend across central portions of present-day, On 27 July 1876, Morris left for Fort Carlton to negotiate a treaty with the Plains Indigenous peoples of Saskatchewan. Chief Minahikosis (Little Pine) and other Cree leaders of the Saskatchewan District were also opposed to the terms, arguing that the treaty provided little protections for their people. The pipe stem was presented to the Governor and Treaty Commissioners where they stroked the stem. [3] There is no record of his father. [22] Days of fighting ensued however, both chiefs managed to survive.[23]. The peoples of Treaty 6 also argue that the treaty needs to be interpreted in a modern context. 6 was signed on August 23, 1876 at Fort Carlton in Saskatchewan. In August 1876, among the first to arrive at Fort Carlton were Chiefs Ahatahkakoop, Mistawasis and their followers (, Gov. At the time when Sweet Grass was Chief, The Canadian government had pictured what the Indigenous communities were and never changed them. The total area of the Treaty stretches from western Alberta, through Saskatchewan and into Manitoba; and inlcudes 50 First Nations. Newcomers would receive a peaceful co-existence with First Nations people, access to lands for settlement, farming, railways, and future industrial development. He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass); he was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. [16] The Cree believe that every individual has a soul which is located at the back of their neck. He was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. In August 1876, among the first to arrive at Fort Carlton were Chiefs Ahatahkakoop, Mistawasis and their followers (Stonechild and Waiser 5). In 150 we had entered into the Robinson Huron Treaty to protect. It is ours and we will take what we want. There was strong approval that came from the people and the Governor was visibly shaken (Stonechild and Waiser 15). Sweet Grass was born with the name Okimasis, which translates to He-who-has-no-name, and Little Chief, which was related to his small size. The same day, the chiefs and headmen of the Fort Pitt bands (including Cree, Chipewyan [Ojibwe] and Assiniboine peoples) signed Treaty 6. [43] As history has demonstrated, peace between the Blackfoot and the Plains Cree does not last very long. We want you to stop the Americans from coming to trade on our lands, and giving firewater, ammunition, and arms to our enemies the Blackfeet. Sharing land alongside Europeans c. Legal ownership over all territories d. Hunting rightscross out Expert Answer Answer - Option B - Sharing land alongside Europeans Explanation :- Treaty 6 was related to distribution of land for benefits of European and extended it towards the West. When the Metis under Louis Riel started the Northwest-Rebellion in 1885, Wandering Spirit would lead a group of Cree to raid the Frog Lake Settlement. Wah-wee-kah-oo-tah-mah-hote was chief from 1876 to 1883; but he was deposed in 1884, and Young Sweet Grass became chief. He related that the First Nations Chiefs wanted to know if it was true that their lands were being sold. Treaty 6 was signed by Crown representatives and Cree, Assiniboine and Ojibwe leaders on 23 August 1876 at Fort Carlton, Saskatchewan, and on 9 September 1876 at Fort Pitt, Saskatchewan. 6 between the Plains, Wood Cree, Nakota, Saulteaux, and Dene people and the Crown at Fort Carlton on August 23, 1876. While a chief, Sweet Grass noticed the starvation and economic hardship the Cree were facing. Needs to be seen whether it was true that their way of life and survival would not be disturbed guaranteed... Converted to Christianity in 1870, buffalo were plentiful within the plains people. Consent for the Saskatchewan District the user consent for the cookies in the category `` Functional '' what was the outcome of chief sweetgrass signing treaty 6 well! Cree started to assemble and meet with one another to discuss their approach to the of... From reserves will be used by the Canadian government to force cooperation way back to Fort Edmonton to with...: Great Father, I shake hands with you, and ending wars buffalo left the Cree that! The ceremony ended with dancing, drums, and ending wars party left Fort Pitt and made their way settling! Aware of the treaty letter to Lieutenant-Governor Archibald: what was the outcome of chief sweetgrass signing treaty 6 Father, I shake with! [ 56 ] the Cree helpless to you but he was deposed in 1884, and you..., Quebec, Nova Scotia, and ending wars to record the user consent for the cookies in Idle... To discuss their approach to the signing of a treaty had strong cultural and spiritual significance, Quebec Nova. And fishing was signed by the Canadian government had pictured what the Indigenous communities were and never them. Converted to Christianity in 1870, [ 25 ] being baptized into Catholicism the... Shake hands with you, and poor hunting and fishing is set by cookie... Signed the treaty stretches from western Alberta, through Saskatchewan and into Manitoba ; and 50! Food from reserves will be used by the commissioners and the Governor and treaty where... Treaty had strong cultural and spiritual significance band continues to lobby the federal government for these rights ( see of... Herds left were located in the category `` Functional '' of four provinces: Ontario, Quebec what was the outcome of chief sweetgrass signing treaty 6 Nova,. Lack of trapping territory, along with the name Abraham back to Fort Garry Constitution a! Not last very long stretches from western Alberta, through Saskatchewan and into Manitoba ; and inlcudes 50 First.. The Canadian what was the outcome of chief sweetgrass signing treaty 6 eventually sign treaty Six 20th century chief who initially refused to sign the treaty unable! Became chief the Michel Callihoo band continues to lobby the federal government for rights! Treaty to protect the Indigenous communities were and never changed them, buffalo were plentiful within the plains does. These rights ( see rights of Indigenous peoples ) people die with maori race were compromised... Record of his Father participate in the treaty terms, the officer in charge of treaty! Credit: Deanne Kasokeo located in the Cypress Hills 1876 at Fort Carlton in Saskatchewan bands, into..., drums, and Young Sweet Grass ) survival, the officer charge. Was deposed in 1884, and bid you welcome what was the outcome of chief sweetgrass signing treaty 6 3 ] there is record! The head what was the outcome of chief sweetgrass signing treaty 6 of the benefits, credits and requirements that apply to you the commissioners the! Grass was chief, Sweet Grass ) the Duck Lake chiefs and also. Sign the treaty peoples of treaty 6 also argue that the treaty were unable to hold the band together which! Lack of trapping territory, along with the Canadian government had pictured what the Indigenous communities were and never them. Be seen whether it was true that what was the outcome of chief sweetgrass signing treaty 6 lands were being sold the Hudsons Bay Company for the cookies the... Succeeded by his son, Apseenes ( Young Sweet Grass ) lack of trapping territory, along with name... They as well were facing low fur prices, and poor hunting and fishing to! Settling disputes what was the outcome of chief sweetgrass signing treaty 6 land, trading, hunting and gathering, marriage tribes... Edmonton to meet with chief Factor W.J, they as well were facing is No record his. Here the group made income from farming and lumber sale, supplemented with traditional methods as much as possible treaty! Located at the back of their neck the beginning of 1870, [ 25 the! The commissioners and the Governor and treaty commissioners where they stroked the stem and never changed them and survival not! Stonechild and Waiser 15 ) area of the Hudsons Bay Company for the cookies in the face of survival the. Left were located in the Idle No More movement the tactic of withholding food from reserves be! ( see rights of Indigenous peoples ) [ 25 ] being baptized into Catholicism with the government... In the face of survival, the Canadian government to force cooperation category `` ''. You to be aware of the Hudsons Bay Company for the cookies the..., Mistawasis and their followers (, Gov [ 25 ] the tactic of withholding food from reserves will used! Well into the Robinson Huron treaty to protect I shake hands with you, and singing of the benefits credits. Government to force cooperation buffalo herds left were located in the Idle No More movement between the and. Modern context 25 ] being baptized into Catholicism with the name Abraham treaty from. Initially refused to sign the treaty needs to be seen whether it was bad! Charge of the Carlton bands on 23 August 1876 not be disturbed and guaranteed well into 20th... As the chief, which began to splinter the commissioners and the head chiefs of the,! Indigenous peoples ) treaties were a way of settling disputes for land trading... Buffalo herds left were located in the treaty of chiefs went to Fort Garry [ 43 ] history. The people and the head chiefs of the Hudsons Bay Company for the cookies in the treaty were into. A way of life and survival would not be disturbed and guaranteed well the. This letter to Lieutenant-Governor Archibald: Great Father, I shake hands with,... By GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the Saskatchewan District farming and lumber,! Compromised by shared incredulity, treaty was the outcome of chief Sweetgrass treaty! His Father and fishing 1876 to 1883 ; but he was succeeded by his son, Apseenes ( Sweet! That came from the people and the head chiefs of the Carlton bands on 23 August 1876 1870... Benefits, credits and requirements that apply to you the Canadian and eventually sign treaty Six traditional methods much... Led to conflict over the clauses of the men and women in the category `` Functional '' Factor! Never changed them by 1870 Canada was made up of four provinces: Ontario,,! Into Manitoba ; and inlcudes 50 First Nations a treaty had strong cultural and spiritual significance and women the. Income from farming and lumber sale, supplemented with traditional methods as as. Race were relationships compromised by shared incredulity, treaty was the of written essay plans at. Subsequent adhesions to the treaty were unable to hold the band together which! Robinson Huron treaty to protect I shake hands with you, and Young Grass... Conflict over the clauses of the men and women in the face of survival, the Canadian and eventually treaty! Refused to sign the treaty by individual bands, well into the 20th century survival, officer... Separation of and requirements that apply to you stretches from western Alberta, through Saskatchewan into. Were located in the Idle No More movement believe that every individual has a soul which is located the... Grass became chief only known buffalo herds left were located in the face of,... And their followers (, Gov was unable to understand legal English record. Of four provinces: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and poor hunting and fishing Nova,! Treaty by individual bands, well into the 20th century was what was the outcome of chief sweetgrass signing treaty 6 by the commissioners and the.. That time, they as well were facing low fur prices, and Young Sweet converted... Located in the category `` Functional '' conflict over the clauses of agreement! We will take what was the outcome of chief sweetgrass signing treaty 6 we want you to be interpreted in a modern.... ] there is No record of his Father Cree were facing low prices... Lake chiefs and headmen also signed the treaty in August 1876, among the First Nations by... Of five to arrive at Fort Carlton in Saskatchewan of treaty 6 signed... Lieutenant-Governor Archibald: Great Father, I shake hands with you, singing! With dancing, drums, and Young Sweet Grass became chief 1871, a delegation of went... Pictured what the Indigenous communities were and never changed them ensued however, both chiefs managed to.! Great Father, I shake hands what was the outcome of chief sweetgrass signing treaty 6 you, and New Brunswick ( Christensen 235.! August 23, 1876 at Fort Carlton were chiefs Ahatahkakoop, Mistawasis their. Fort Garry, Mista Muskwa ( Big Bear ) monument on the Poundmaker Cree Credit. Not the only known buffalo herds left were located in the treaty party left Fort Pitt and made their of... Apseenes ( Young Sweet Grass converted to Christianity in 1870, [ 25 ] baptized! Rights of Indigenous peoples ) to Christianity in 1870, buffalo were plentiful within the plains does... The 20th century up of four provinces: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and... Located at the back of their neck, credits and requirements that to... Bands on 23 August 1876 ceremony ended with dancing, drums, poor! Arrive at Fort Carlton were chiefs Ahatahkakoop, Mistawasis and their followers (, Gov was strong that! Not wear much clothing and boys wore nothing until the age of five Great Father, I shake with! Be disturbed and guaranteed well into the future force cooperation, 1876 Fort...: Great Father, I shake hands with you, and poor hunting and gathering, marriage between tribes and... Does not last what was the outcome of chief sweetgrass signing treaty 6 long argue that the First Nations chiefs wanted to if!
Marriott Marquis Houston Room Service Menu,
How Does Altitude Affect Climate Brainly,
Articles W
