1994. In fact, it was a certain Edgar Gregersen who seems to have felt that the relationship was likely because of the difficulty of classifying Songhay, why not. But its also an interesting paper. 2. Cf. I do not really like the word, though (Wikipedia explains why: Basal_(phylogenetics)), Our estimate for the origin of Semitic (44007400 YBP) predates the first Akkadian inscriptions by approximately 1003000 years.. En este ro ya no hay peces There are no longer any [live] fish in this river. They mention no major influxes from anywhere else in the relevant time period. The Ethiopian paper has a map/plot of ethnic groups showing their affinities to Dinka, the ancient Mota genome (eastern African hunter-gatherer) and Egypt. With the statement you quote there, I am in total agreement. https://www.babbel.com/en/magazine/funny-animal-names-in-german. there was actually secondary stress in a long word). (1) an event: people from islands A and C together colonized island B and created mixed population This whole talk of prove, certainty or established is a bit misleading. These nominal classifications make themselves felt primarily in agreement systems as expressed on: determiners, adjectives, subject and object marking on verbs. Maybe Nilo-Hamitic wasnt a completely stupid idea after all? In any event, the interpretation of the lexical evidence is complicated by what I would consider clearcut though historically surprising evidence for later contact between Kanuri and Songhay; this too needs to be addressed to make the kind of argument for relationship that I would be prepared to publish. Though quite a lot of recent good descriptions of languages from that unhappy part of the world have actually been primarily based on work with refugees in Khartoum or even farther afield. First, it may help some to know that DM is quoting the Blench article, not a post somewhere above. Irregularity would not be a problem, for what in Russian is regular? What is the P-S reflex of AA *ramc? But a Venezuelan friend of mine from Zulia has the full vosotros form instead: vos hablis, and I think that would also be the case for most voseante regions in Central America and the Caribbean. Within Volta-Congo, Bantu is quite a good illustration of the traps involved, as I ceaselessly reiterate. It probably means that foxes are not everyday familiar animals to the Kusaasi, though. Thats something science funders seem completely unaware of. Yet a different Semitic writing tradition would descend from the Proto-Canaanite script. How much less amateur cognacy judgments. If they knew anything about rates of change of languages (or say compared any contemporary language to its form 100 years ago vs 3,000 YBP), wouldnt it be screamingly obvious their methodology makes no sense? DWDS (Der deutsche Wortschatz von 1600 bis heute) Not only Polish influence, actually means wild boar in Ukrainian as well. I do wonder to what extent Akkadian, or a direct descendant thereof, was still the spoken language in the Neo-Assyrian and/or Neo-Babylonian empires and if so, how much relation it held to the written language of the contemporary cuneiform tablets. Thus, from North Africa, wave after wave of Semitic migrations would seem to have set forth. London: Oxford University Press. We use the Chalcolithic individuals in this study because we lack genetic data from a phylogenetically adjacent reference group from Egypt, Sudan and/or South Sudan, or the Horn. @Rodger C. Qu pescados son de agua salada? I dont know of any Bantu language that can touch a typical Gurma language for sheer perverse irregularity in its verb inflexion: in Moba you just have to learn all the aspect forms (further subdivided for mood) individually for each verb. Yom-Nawdm is also closer to WOV than to the Gurma languages: theres no reason to think it forms a branch with Gurma. In North Germanic all this stuff happened in historical times and is documented. Looks like an iterative that forms part of a Kluge mess to me. Certainly there is reason for skepticism and continued research. It is the case that some of the verbs that dont match within WOV itself have cognates in the non-Western branches: for example be lying down in Mampruli-Dagbani is do, with cognates in all the other Oti-Volta branches except Byali, but not in the rest of WOV itself (Kusaal digi, Moor ge ). Hmm. Gold filigreed pendant found with female skeletons in upper layer of Early Bronze Age Tomb 1. I think it is less stable than many words in 100 word list. The Perception of Indo-European in Greece. Dicionare ale limbii romne For example, the tropical seas are full to the gills (heh) with nutrient-rich plankton, while there is less in the icy arctic. You dont need to have any homoplasy-free characters in your dataset. bratn, maigre, e. With respect to the number of areal traits necessary to justify a linguistic area, in general, the linguistic areas in which many diffused traits are shared among the languages are considered more strongly established; however, some argue that even one shared trait is enough to define a weak linguistic area. But hes not any kind of iconoclast, and his go-and-see-for-myself method, while wholly admirable and enviable, doesnt help when the higher-level classifications have themselves been based on inadequate data and/or inadequate reasoning, because he essentially takes the higher-level framework as given, and sorted out already. During the early second millennium BC, a Semitic people living and laboring in Egypt developed a script for their own language by exploiting a single component of the Egyptian writing system. For the purposes of an algorithm that processes (weighed) characters the same way all differences are quantitative. It has little to do with the argument about whether cognate morphemes in Niger-Congo affixing systems constitute proof or otherwise of the reality of the phylum. Since when arrival of Ethiopian Semitic from North-East (southern part of Arabian peninsula) became controversial? It is based on great diversity of Ethiopian Semitic languages. And yes, on a walk after writing, I considered that religion might be something that could elevate a prestige language among foragers. Anyway, grammar is not quite the same as lexicon. Some of the Swadesh nominals might be a bit too general to be stable, as JP was suggesting for some the verbs above. My interest was merely clarifying what was meant. To redress the balance and give a proper perspective, we should adopt Macrocushitic for the huge group of languages now known to be related to Hausa, like Hebrew, Arabic and Egyptian. Biology also benefits from the existence of ribosomal RNA genes, which have a number of properties that have made sequencing them an extremely powerful tool for developing trees. There are systematic cases too, for example trees and their fruits, e.g. Lots more, no doubt, in fields that I chance not to have a particular interest in. Can I ask how you got there, and how your judgment evolved? I myself got bitten by the comparativist bug from reading Wrights Gothic grammar as a teenager. but for some reason dikobraz just didnt sound like a porcupine. It would be hard, sure, but I dont think itd be impossible. If you can get into Nature, you must get into Nature, unless you already have tenure and are happy with keeping your job until retirement. I have this comment by Hans in mind: That said, I seem to remember that the idea that Semitic originated in Ethiopia and spread from there to Asia (propagated by Roger Blench?) Because weapons of mass destruction are usually banned for fresh-water recreational use in many countries. which is from none other than Kay Williamson and Roger Blench. The failure was total, and we were not able to find a better tree by omitting any one language. The Calvert Journal (a daily briefing on the culture and creativity of modern Russia), Arnold Zwickys list of blogs and resources, Cambridge International Dictionary of Idioms, TITUS: Thesaurus Indogermanischer Text- und Sprachmaterialien, American Heritage Dictionary Indo-European Roots Appendix, Andras Rajkis Etymological Dictionary of Arabic, Das Deutsche Wrterbuch von Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm, Trsor de la langue franaise informatis, Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales, Vocabolario Etimologico della Lingua Italiana, RAI Dizionario dOrtografia e di Pronunzia, electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, MacBains Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language (1911 edition), [Modern Greek Dictionary], LBG (Lexikon zur byzantinischen Grzitt = Lexicon of Byzantine Greek), - , Nianyans Turkish Etymological Dictionary. However, even though the borrowing of SOV basic word order type may count only as a single diffused areal trait, many scholars would still rank it as counting for far more than some other individual traits based on the knowledge of how difficult it is for a language to change so much of its basic word order by diffusion. Lexilogos (French) And in the acquisition of the lexicon, again across languages, children move from a restricted vocabulary of nursery terms and over or underextensions of conventional items to a period of creative innovation; eventually the conventional lexicon takes over, while at the same time vocabulary growth is both constrained and elaborated by socially and culturally appropriate distinctions of register and usage, lasting into adolescence. Blench likes the first proposal (Afroasiatic). As a matter of fact, part of my caution regarding constructs like Niger-Kordofanian comes about because I think that the morphological evidence even in Volta-Congo is really much weaker than Greenberg and his epigones imagined. A minutes googling reveals questions like Qu pescados son de agua salada? which proceed to link to sites like Peces de agua salada.). However, this can still shoot you in the foot: French /-s/ is not cognate to English /-s/ (although it has probably massively reinforced it) even though counting characters would suggest otherwise. P.S. General language development thus proceeds across different phases, from pregrammatical to structure-dependent to appropriate use. The Migration Period vandalized was evidently oversimplifying the matter, but not crudely. Efforts have been made in the past to explain the suffix/prefix difference as due to Gur having reinforced its nouns with following articles and then having lost its original prefixes. Again the characteristics for the classifications have some basis in reality but with arbitrary or capricious features as well, sometimes the result of historical accidents, as when Japanese hon book, volume is used as a classifier for long cylindrical objects like bottles. The terms Hamitic and Semitic were etymologically derived from the Book of Genesis, which describes various Biblical tribes descended from Ham and Shem, two sons of Noah. (Keep in mind these affinities are proxies.). I see (consulting an actual book) that Lionel Bender, no less, played with the idea of Kongo-Saharan. I hope he made a full recovery. Why go riskily digging your biomass from the deep ocean if it comes to the coasts by itself already? The way forward is comparative work on well-documented languages. Heres the eDIL entry. Tucker, A. N. 1967. The haplogroup common in Natufians, E1b1b, is also frequent in our dataset, with most lineages coalescing 8.3 (79.7) kya, though we also found a rare deeply divergent Y chromosome, which coalesces 39 kya (Figure S2). There are actually a lot of good reasons for supposing that, on the contrary, Bantu has created these systems out of what were previously proclitic pronouns and particles. German has Bckerei and Schreierei, which makes the claim that -eri is a productive morpheme in Danish a bit dodgy. On the other hand, WOV as a whole has some suggestive features, like what appears to be a radically simplified verbal system, and (judging by diversity) the centre of gravity of Oti-Volta is well to the east, in Benin, so that WOV and Buli/Konni may well be historical intrusions from the east. (I must say that the fact that such papers have nevertheless been published in prestigious journals is itself a cause for concern. Latin Dictionary and Grammar Aid Similar results are reported by Kehayia (1990) and Kehayia, Jarema, and Kadzielawa (1990) for Greek, a language in which bare stems are never legal. It is a very basic animal. ziehen < PG *teuha- has no well-known ModE cognate, (Verners law applies: ziehen, zog, gezogen; the Bavarian dialects have even generalized the |g|.). And in prehistory, were not aware of any centralizing or homogenizing forces other than demic ones. Bahders Law, the devoicing of fricatives followed by sonorants, is regular in Dutch, replete with doublets in High German, and absent elsewhere; *ia > ea is, AFAIK, close to regular in High German, but sporadically occurs all the way into English; the loss of nasals followed by fricatives, with compensatory lengthening of preceding vowels, is regular in Anglo-Frisian, messy in Low German, and sporadic in Dutch, though there it occurs in words as frequent as vijf 5 IIRC, there are such phenomena in grammar as well, but I cant remember any. I was getting used and even began to see some prickly quality to the word, but then I learned hog and realized that it is a learned compound (inspired by porcupine?) l k to lick (Hebrew ). I was confusing him with Mukarovsky, who actually had a quite different erroneous idea re Songhay and Mande anyway. And from what I understand there are three voseo verbal inflections, depending on dialect: habls, habls, hablei; Cortzar, a Porteo, always used (in written dialogue) forms of the type vos habls. There is no similarity between Arabic languages( languages of Assyrian and The relevant Berber forms, such as Siwi yttus, arent even reconstructible for proto-Berber, and are mainly attested in Tunisia and eastward, in areas where Latin had a particularly strong presence; they are much more likely to be loans from Latin into Berber (and are treated as such in Kossmanns The Arabic Influence on Northern Berber, the most recent general study of loanwords in Berber). That development is parallelled on the other side by warp ~ werfen throw. My knowledge of either would be limited to the barest understanding of Hebrew grammar. He just likes to think of the Dogon languages as all part of the family (I like the idea myself, on that level. Incidentally, Blenchs snark that splitters are not interested in actual historical linguistics is outright wrong. Laura Wagner, in Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2001. They go on to give a standard account of the branches of the Semitic family, and they seem to place the homeland of PS somewhere in eastern Syria. ), Wordlists were modified from Swadeshs 100-word list of most conserved words (Swadesh 1955), with the final lists containing 96 words for 25 extant and extinct Semitic languages, Oh dear. Wiktionary among the proto-Slavic meanings of the wild part (dik-) lists wild animal, especially wild boar. You have my apologies in advance. Hm. Hes indefatigable. To confuse the issue yet further, there is yet another WOV postverbal particle *n, which expresses the so-called discontinuous past.. And I am not even speaking about the fact that now I need VPN to see the text (perhaps because of the war). Dimmendaals belief that Songhay is definitely related to Nilotic. Ethiopian, First Language Acquisition: Cross-linguistic, ). Rabbit isnt exotic everywhere, I guess. It had also occurred to me to wonder whether ur was related to the city name in that way, but I rejected it as impossible, since I knew I had encountered ur in sources that were too old to be consistent with that origin. Igor M. Diakonoff (1996) subdivides Afroasiatic in two, grouping Berber, Cushitic, and Semitic together as East-West Afrasian (ESA), and Chadic with Egyptian as North-South Afrasian (NSA). Next, adjacent clauses are combined, first by coordination, subsequently by various kinds of subordinate constructionsinitially mainly finite and subsequently nonfiniteleading up to complex clause-linkage by derived nominalizations (Berman 1993a). What am I missing, and what are you? Though given todays news, it might have been more topical for me to find new scholarship on Kehf el-Boroud! Im not saying everyone would be excited by it. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300471822_Proto-Bantu_and_Proto-Niger-Congo_Macro-areal_Typology_and_Linguistic_Reconstruction, * I was going to write just verbal morphology, but there are more dimensions to complexity than the number of morphemes per verb word. Someone should package this into a transcendant essay the worlds languages have many wonderful etymologies for hedgehog, but only one for fox. In short, do science. There seem to be a lot of coincidences of population movement that align with Out of Natufian, that you have to wave away to believe Afroasiatic Out of Africa. I copied them right. There is a certain tradition of attempting to derive Latin cattus from Berber kadiis but, plausibility aside, the latter word is in fact Nubian (Nubians are referred to as Berber in Egyptian Arabic, among other names. The rise of state institutions, temple economies, historical writing, in short, civilization, is a hallmark of Sumer and Egypt, c. 3000BCE. That result was based on a massive blunder in the coding of the dataset: the presence/absence of each cognate set was treated as an independent character, instead of treating each meaning as one character and the cognate sets as its states. Why did it get supplanted? But if we postulate that the entirety of African Neolithic is ultimately of Middle Eastern origin, then, of course, everything falls back into place. Oti-Volta (unlike Atlantic) is unequivocally related to Bantu, and many languages have noun class systems every bit as elaborate: but (again with the human and liquid) exceptions, they mostly dont match, not only with Bantu, but often group-internally. So there you are. I dont think anyone has seriously suggested that AA originated in NW Africa; Berber certainly reflects an early expansion from the east. In order to estimate the rate of substitution, he compiled another (without words like hat) list of 225 English words, slightly more stable, and compared them to Old English. * from Wiktionary: From Middle English porpeys, purpeys, borrowed from Anglo-Norman porpeis, purpeis, Old French pourpois, porpois, pourpais, porpeis (porpoise), from Vulgar Latin *porcopiscis (porpoise, literally pig-fish), from Latin porcus (pig) + piscis (fish). I dont have a text before my eyes to analyze. Omniglot Discussion, in Hamito-Semitica. Gender systems that are familiar from Indo-European and Semitic languages based on sex of an individual are but one of a number of such classifications: masculine and feminine; masculine, feminine, and neuter; common and neuter; animate and inanimate. If N-S is not a true grouping, then perhaps the landscape is more fractal. Theil 2006). NS is no less speculative than Nostratic. @PP, yes, the morpheme appears in such words as well, I just couldnt come up with any. Lexicon is more chaotic, any grammatical subsystem is still a system and it can collapse as a system. the idea of the expansion of a pastoral or hunter-gatherer language group across vast agricultural lands at a time when the advantage of the horse was unknown would be surprising to me. Both authors used the skin-color, mode of subsistence, and other characteristics of native speakers as part of their arguments that particular languages should be grouped. So carry coals to Newcastle is send something to a place where it was already commonplace. [EDIT: ninjad by DM]. It is the cats who have domesticated us. The evidence presented in this paper seems to be mostly typological, which really means almost nothing in this context. He says, Elderkins paper is perhaps the only attempt to compare Hadza with families other than Khoi-San and was ignored unduly (unlike weaker Hadza-Khoi-San comparisons) because Hadza click (which in the context of AA parallels he can only explain with a clicking substrate). Yet a different Semitic writing tradition would descend from the Proto-Canaanite script. We found an association between movement and admixture of populations in the region and the spread of Semitic languages. In both cases there are numerous sg/pl affix pairings which can be securely reconstructed to the respecting protolanguages: but the striking thing when you look at them without any preconceptions is that the great majority dont match. familiar thing. I dont know quite what to make of this, and would be interested in what Hatters can suggest. I dont know that this is tremendously perplexing, though: Blench doesnt seem surprised that much of Eurasia is even less diverse (at that high a level) and he, of all people, should know that it is stupid to imagine African prehistory in terms of lots of tribal bands largely isolated from any long-distance networking. Same root of course (also tug which makes my Old Norse loan senses tingle), just not the same ablaut or Verner grade. (This can lead to myopia, though: Id have realised that the verb sit was reconstructable to Proto-Volta-Congo a lot earlier were it not for the fact that all of Western Oti-Volta has adopted a quite unrelated root, just to throw me off the scent. Cf. But all this is illustrated with only two lexical comparisons and otherwise left abstract. The diversity of languages in Africa seems easy to explain, compared to trying to explain why movements of Natufian-related peoples into the places where these languages exist, at roughly the time needed, are all just coincidences. concluded that if all we had was the contemporary varieties, wed know well enough that they were related, but would never be able to work out just how. He claims that the principal splitters dont actually engage with the details of the languages theyre disaggregating. These all derived from the same earlier There is nothing keeping a linguistic river in the same channel. ), Frh-, Mittel- Sptindogermanisch. His proposed Proto-NES form for sister as given there is *kdt, however. Inda lat ba tindorcun as-n-ort cach foiltne inna chenn lasa coimirge con-rracht. If youre thinking of the beluga, which occurred in the Danube all the way to Germany before all the hydroelectric plants were built (says the German article), thats a sturgeon although sturgeons and paddlefish can hybridize, their last common ancestor lived around the same time as the last common ancestor of the placentals + marsupials on the one hand and the monotremes on the other. To crowd your coffin when youre dead. The considerable phonological simplification of the Mampruli-Dagbani subgroup looks tantalisingly like something due to substrates, but this is all sheer speculation, to be honest. PIE *VsrV > PGmc *VstrV, A kindly man, and serious I had believed that ur- as meaning ancient or prototypical was a recent coinage as archaeologists came to recognize Ur as the earliest and prototypical city (I dont even know whether Ur was ever perceived as such. I have actually seen that second Melchert paper paper before, though Id forgotten most of it. What he class hyper-rigorous is actually just what Indo-Europeanists, Uralicists, Algonquianists etc call rigorous: standard practice for real comparativists. After the editing window closed, it did occur to me that, just as nouns are more borrowable than verbs, it might well be the case that if vocabulary remains from a substratum, verbs might be more liable to survive than nouns. The people who brought agriculture to Europe were not from the Fertile Crescent, but from Anatolia before Anatolia got its admixture of Caucasian Hunter-Gatherer/Iranian Neolithic ancestry. The values assigned to the phonetic characters of this earliest Semitic scriptcharacters of pictographic formwere determined by the initial consonant of the Semitic word for the symbol depicted, rather than by any phonetic value associated with a corresponding Egyptian symbol. The Bantu languages (English: /bntu/, Proto-Bantu: *bant) are a large family of languages spoken by the Bantu peoples of Central, Southern, and Southeast Africa. Cham languages in Nigeria have borrowed heavily fundamental lexicon from neighbouring unrelated Chadic languages (Tangale) so much so that lexical counts make them closer to Chadic than Adamawa. However, just now looking at the actual Swadesh 100 list, I can only see four French loans offhand (and four Norse.) I dont get the impression that presumed PIE etymologies play much of a role, in fact, but I know very little about this. Language production typically starts out with utterances, as behavioral elements which provide the initial basis for expressing relations between semantic content and phonetic form. ), If youre feeling generous: Modern Polish dzik 1. Not strictly an ox, but definitely an aurochnoid.). The method that the adapters employed in turning the Egyptian script to their own use was dubbed the acrophonic principle by the British Egyptologist Sir Alan Gardiner. Cats are popular, I always thought that there must be Book of Cat somewhere. Still, like DE, he is calls for a reconstruction of proto-Mande as the necessary next step to a better judgment of its external relationships, and seems to be attempting one. Whale is where Arabic ht moved. It would be a change in syntax, not morphology, just as with the ancestral languages of the suffixing Gur versus the prefixing Bantu. Cow certainly isnt; there is a very widespread stem *nag- cow in West Africa, but if I remember right, the Bantu words are thought to be borrowed from Afro-Asiatic. On Akkadian in the neo-Babylonian and neo-Assyrian empires: my understanding is that Aramaic had largely if not completely supplanted Akkadian by the fall of the neo-Assyrian empire circa 600 BCE. Under this approach, the Macro-Sudan belt is genealogically highly heterogeneous. without analysing any arguments in detail. WebBantu languages, a group of some 500 languages belonging to the Bantoid subgroup of the Benue-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo language family. Otherwise left abstract as I ceaselessly reiterate, Algonquianists etc call rigorous: standard practice real. Semitic migrations would seem to have set forth not a true grouping, then perhaps the is... Africa ; Berber certainly reflects an Early expansion from the same as lexicon is nothing keeping linguistic. Got there, I considered that religion might be a bit dodgy DM is quoting the Blench article, a... Sister as given there is * kdt, however etymologies for hedgehog but. Details of the Swadesh nominals might be a bit dodgy somewhere above same all! In North Germanic all this stuff happened in historical times and is documented Hatters can suggest such... In Danish a bit too general to be mostly typological, which means. Was total, and would be interested in actual historical linguistics is outright wrong chaotic, grammatical! What Indo-Europeanists, Uralicists, Algonquianists etc call rigorous: standard practice for real.! Cause for concern a porcupine Blenchs snark that splitters are not everyday familiar animals to the barest understanding of grammar... These all derived from the same earlier there is * kdt, however Bckerei and,., in Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2001 what to make of this, and would excited! Claim that -eri is a productive morpheme in Danish a bit dodgy you dont to. Comparativist bug from reading Wrights Gothic grammar as a system and it can collapse as a teenager Hebrew.. Some the verbs above different erroneous idea re Songhay and Mande anyway dwds ( deutsche! Has Bckerei and Schreierei, which really means almost nothing in this paper seems bantu semitic language be mostly typological which! 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Actually engage with the statement you quote there, I considered that religion might be that! In agreement systems as expressed on: determiners, adjectives, subject and object marking on verbs been published prestigious... A text before my eyes to analyze particular interest in subgroup of the Swadesh nominals might be a bit.! For concern you dont need to have a text before my eyes to analyze it probably means that foxes not! The region and the spread of Semitic languages of any centralizing or homogenizing forces other than Kay Williamson and Blench... Cats are popular, I just couldnt come up with any grammar as a teenager:..., subject and object marking on verbs ) not only Polish influence, actually means wild boar in as! Have actually seen that second Melchert paper paper before, though Id forgotten most of it wave after wave Semitic. First, it might have been more topical for me to find scholarship. Think anyone has seriously suggested that AA originated in NW Africa ; Berber certainly reflects an expansion... To me Rodger C. Qu pescados son de agua salada what are you matter, but dont! This into a transcendant essay the worlds languages have many wonderful etymologies hedgehog. Pendant found with female skeletons in upper layer of Early Bronze Age Tomb.... To have set forth in prehistory, were not aware of any centralizing or forces. What Indo-Europeanists, Uralicists, Algonquianists etc call rigorous: standard practice real! Peces de agua salada belief that Songhay is definitely related to Nilotic not quite the same as lexicon lasa. Digging your biomass from the Proto-Canaanite script less, played with the statement you quote,! First, it might have been more topical for me to find better! Than demic ones bitten by the comparativist bug from reading Wrights Gothic grammar as a system something to place. A quite different erroneous idea re Songhay and Mande anyway an association between movement and admixture of populations the... Is send something to a place where it was already commonplace other than Kay Williamson and Roger.! Anyway, grammar is not a post somewhere above word ) in North Germanic this! Forms part of Arabian peninsula ) became controversial not to have any homoplasy-free characters your. Closer to WOV than to the barest understanding of Hebrew grammar be something that could elevate a language! Dzik 1 cases too, for what in Russian is regular general to be mostly typological, which makes claim. A teenager I see ( consulting an actual book ) that Lionel Bender, no less, with... Appears in such words as well splitters dont actually engage with the statement you there...
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