Males maintain higher risk of personal crime than females. Among young males who were dealt with by a suspended sentence, 82% had a record of fixed period exclusion, compared to 59% of young females; a 24 percentage point difference. In 2019/20, 7,002 prisoners completed the survey of which 694 were female. The most recent annual reoffending data available is for the 2017/18 (i.e. This is the latest biennial compendium of Statistics on Women and the Criminal Justice System and follows its sister publication Statistics on Race and the Criminal Justice System published last year. However, these data have been extracted from large administrative and survey data systems generated by the courts, police forces and other agencies. Figure 1.01: Proportions of males and females throughout the CJS, 2019 Victimisation Males maintain higher risk of personal crime than females. Once in prison, females generally reported a better experience when: on arrival, on the first night, induction and life on the wing. , Fast Delivery PSR (written) Normally completed on day of request and must be completed within 5 days. Contrastingly, the HMPPS HQ (and Area Services) has a majority female staff, increasing to 59% in 2020. This was higher than the proportion of pupils eligible for FSM in the overall pupil population (including both offenders and non-offenders) in 2013/14 and 2014/15 (14% for both young females and young males). Other sources in this chapter include Criminal Courts Statistics and Legal Aid Statistics. Prison law comprised less than 1% of the female and 3% of the male workload; both proportions have remained steady in the last 5 years but reflect falling prison population figures. Finally, children from broken common-law unions (84 percent), as well as children from Quebec (87 percent), were most likely to remain in the custody of their mothers, and there is possibly a link between these two results. Monthly statistics on the population in custody of children and young people within the secure estate. Females accounted for 15% of arrests, unchanged since 2015/16. This is particularly true in relation to the most serious offence types and sentences, though patterns by sex vary between individual offences. Britain has the highest proportion of fatherless families (2 million) of any major European country. , Lancashire Constabulary and Greater Manchester Police were unable to supply complete data for 2018/19 and for 2019/20 respectively. In 2019, 96% of child custodial sentences were given to male children[footnote 84]. This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. Prosecutions for indictable offences for females have decreased by 29% since 2015, from 48,000 to 33,800. Compared to males, a higher proportion of females reported: self-declared mental health problems, physical disability, having drug and alcohol problems, money worries and housing worries. Child Custody Statistics by Gender Who is most likely to be a custodial parent? Youth custody report for July 2014 published. To help us improve GOV.UK, wed like to know more about your visit today. 2% of crime lower legal aid clients had an unstated sex. You can change your cookie settings at any time. Figure 3.03: Number of homicide offences currently recorded by the police, by sex of victim, 2008/09 to 2018/19. Reference will usually be made to children by which we refer to individuals aged 10 to 17 years of age[footnote 80][footnote 81]. , Statistics used are from the CSEW 2019/20 unless stated otherwise; when differences are not referred to as statistically significant these are either not statistically significantly different, or differences have not been tested. Youth custody report for November 2015 published. June 28, 2018. The analysis in this report addresses the key subject areas and goes some way to provide an evidence base for monitoring progress and aiding policy making decisions for the future. Youth custody statistics for October 2013 published. Between 2015 and 2019 there was a rise in proportion of defendants electing to be tried at the Crown Court, up 7 percentage points for females and 8 percentage points for males. The main source of referral was police custody, accounting for 72% of males and 73% of females referred to liaison and diversion services. Figure 8.01: The proportion of male and female offenders prosecuted for each offence group, England and Wales, 2019. Across all disposals, a larger proportion of young males had a record of receiving a fixed period exclusion compared to young females. The defendant can be directed to appear in court or remanded on bail or custody. If you use assistive technology (such as a screen reader) and need a In 2017, the aggregate amount of child support that was expected for receipt was $30 billion; 62% of that amount was actually received, averaging $3,431 per custodial parent. Male homicide victims had higher prevalence in all age groups, except those over 65, and 5-15, where females were more often the victim. Among both adult female and male offenders, the reoffending rate was highest for those aged 35 to 39 at 30.4% and 34.4%, respectively. Youth custody report for February 2015 published. In the absence of any court outcome, the principal suspect is either the person considered by the police to be the most involved in the homicide or the suspect with the closest relationship to the victim. separation. In 2019/20, there was a significant difference between males (63.4%) and females (57.3%) who perceived the Criminal Justice System to be fair, as seen in previous years. It is important to note in the following analysis that there are many young people in the overall pupil population that have the characteristics described and do not go on to offend[footnote 93]. Crime lower covers work carried out by legal aid providers regarding police station advice, magistrates court work and prison law. No causative links can be drawn from these summary statistics, differences observed may indicate areas worth further investigation, but should not be taken as evidence of unequal treatments or as direct effects of sex. Figure 4.04: Percentage of Penalty Notices for Disorder issued, by offence and sex, 2019. custody. Figure 5.01: The journey of males and females through the CJS, 2019. Youth custody data - February 2014 published. The overall levels of FSM eligibility for the cohort was slightly higher for the young female group (61%) compared to the young male group (57%). Penalty Notices for Disorder (PND)[footnote 32] issued. However, given the range of recording practises (see technical guide for details) throughout the CJS, it is likely that most recording includes a mixture of physiological and personal identity. Similar proportions are seen in convictions. Youth custody data for July 2015 published. A fixed period exclusion can involve a part of the school day and it does not have to be for a continuous period. , Senior roles are as follows: CPS: Senior Legal Manager, Chief Crown Prosecutor and Senior Civil Servant; MoJ: Senior Civil Servant; HMPPS: Senior Civil Servant; Police: Chief Inspector, Superintendent, Chief Superintendent, and Chief Officers; Judiciary: High Court Judges, Heads of Division and Lord Justices of Appeal. Youth custody data for January 2017 published. Senior police officers increased their female representation to 27% in 2020, from 23% five years ago. 20 divorce facts for 2020. The median time from charge for first listing decreased for females (down 12%) but increased for males (up 15%). In 2019, Black males were particularly over represented, accounting for 12% of all male prosecutions. Youth custody report for November 2014 published. The highest frequency rate was observed amongst female offenders aged 30 to 34, at 4.83, whilst for male offenders, it was highest in both the 30-34 and 35-39 age groups, at 4.44 reoffences per reoffender. Five-year time series refers to 2014/15 to 2018/19. version of this document in a more accessible format, please email, Check benefits and financial support you can get, Find out about the Energy Bills Support Scheme, Safety in the Children and Young People Secure Estate: Update to June 2022. Higher proportions of females in contact with liaison and diversion services were suspected as having issues with alcohol misuse, had financial needs and were abuse victims. , Fast Delivery PSR (oral) The Criminal Justice Act 2003 removed the requirement for all PSRs to be written. As at 30 June 2019, 5% of the prison population were female, this proportion has remained stable for the last 5 years. Here are a few examples, per the U.S. Census Bureau's 2020 study: 41.6% of custodial mothers are 40 years old or older. Figure 5.02: Individuals dealt with formally by the CJS, by sex, 2015 to 2019. This reflects the difference in relationship to suspect in cases for men and women with women much more likely to be killed by an acquaintance. In 2019, fines were the most common sentence given to both male and female offenders sentenced at all courts, but females typically had less severe sentencing outcomes. The proportion of all young offenders in the matched cohort that achieved any pass in their GCSEs (or equivalents) was high; 80% for males and 83% for females. Main facts and figures. Data mentioned can be found on the page linked. Young females had higher levels of FSM eligibility across all disposals, except for fines, compared to young males. This difference is driven by female offenders receiving shorter average custodial lengths than males. In 2019, a smaller proportion of female offenders were sentenced for indictable offences at 10%, compared to 22% of male offenders. The proportion of adults who experienced violent crime generally decreased with increasing age. HMPPS (excluding NPS) have seen the largest increase in female representation of senior staff, increasing by 10 percentage points, to 45% in 2020. You can change your cookie settings at any time. Newport, UK: Office for National Statistics. Of all sexual offences, indecent exposure and unwanted touching had the highest prevalence rate. Similarly, in just over half of all . A huge 40% of married American households feature a woman who is a primary breadwinner, but only 3% of American spousal support arrangements are paid to ex-husbands. These statistics concentrate on the flow of children (aged 10-17) through the youth justice system in England and Wales. , Guidance to National Probation Service staff on proposing suspended sentence orders (SSO) changed in 2018, which led to substantial drops in the numbers of SSOs proposed in 2018 and 2019 resulting in volumes too low for a robust comparison. Females in contact with the services more often had suspected alcohol misuse, financial needs, were abuse victims and had mental health needs compared to males. , The analysis in this chapter excludes defendants where age or sex is unknown unless stated otherwise. , Following the Transforming Rehabilitation reforms to probation and creation and subsequent transfer of the National Probation Service (NPS) into NOMS on 1 June 2014, it is not possible to make a direct comparison to previous years for probation staff. in the year ending March 2019, 27.8% of people in youth custody were Black - more than double the percentage in the year ending March 2006 (12.5%) White people made up around half (50.6%) of young people in . They have been excluded from all analyses in this chapter. , Court outcomes figures split by sex and ethnicity is limited to indictable offences where is a robust proportion with known ethnicity. The proportion of all young offenders in the matched cohort that achieved 5 or more GCSEs (or equivalents) graded A* to C, including English and Maths, was slightly higher for the young female group, at 12%, compared to 10% for young males. , Where sex is known. Reported in the Judicial Diversity Statistics 2020 publication, the quoted figures cover all court judges, i.e. For example, prisons are either male or female institutions, with prisoners normally placed based on their legally recognised gender. Male children reported a significantly higher proportion of being a victim of a CSEW crime at 9.0%, compared to 4.0% of females[footnote 7][footnote 8]. , The conviction ratio is calculated by dividing the total number of defendants convicted by the total number of defendants prosecuted in the same period. Females of all age groups were more likely to experience domestic abuse than males. Police station advice alone accounts for 71% of the workload for both sexes in 2019, increasing from around 60% since 2012. A consistently lower proportion of female defendants entered a guilty plea over the last 5 years, at 66% in 2019 compared to 71% of male defendants. Intimate reflects the nature of the relationship between victim and perpetrator or the nature or the abuse itself. Email: CJS_Statistics@justice.gov.uk, Alternative formats are available on request from ESD@justice.gov.uk, Available at https://www.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/code-of-practice/, Fieldwork for the year to March 2020 was suspended two weeks early on Wednesday the 18th March 2020, just prior to the lockdown restrictions being announced by the Government on the 23rd March 2020. Figure 7.04: Age distribution of male and female defendants, England and Wales, 2019. Youth custody report for February 2016 published. They represent experimental statistics and tables on this data are provided in the accompanying overview tables. This compared to Black females, accounting for 6% of all female prosecutions White female defendants accounted for 87% of all female prosecutions, and this has been broadly stable since 2015. For both sexes, the child custody rate has remained broadly stable since 2015, at 8% for males and 2% for females. In 2019, the number of individuals who self-harmed per 1,000 prisoners was 335 for females and 148 for males[footnote 67]. A higher proportion of female children were remanded on bail (72%) than male children (38%). Among children, 7.9% of males reported crimes against the person in 2019/20, significantly more than females did (3.7%). Of all ethnic groups, both White female and White male offenders had the highest conviction ratios[footnote 72] for indictable offences at 84% and 85%, respectively, a trend that has remained broadly stable since 2015. Youth custody data for December 2015 published. , In this chapter, children refers to those aged 10 to 15 unless stated otherwise. It covers statistics on arrests and detentions under the Mental Health Act (1983), which are published by the Home Office in the Police Powers and Procedures, England and Wales, year ending 31 March 2020 publication. This was driven by a decrease in prevalence of indecent exposure and unwanted touching, and rape excluding attempts. However, the proportion of senior staff who were female was lower than the proportion of staff at all grades across the CJS organisations considered in this section. We are trialling the publication of this statistical bulletin in HTML format alongside the usual PDF version and we are seeking user feedback on the use of HTML for the publication of statistical bulletins. Of the females remanded in custody at the Crown Court for indictable offences in 2019, 80% were White, 10% were Black, 4% were Asian, 5% were Mixed and 2% were Chinese and Other. In 2018/19, 671 homicides took place; 64% of victims were male and 36% were female. 62.9% of custodial fathers are non-Hispanic white men. , 3% of young people identified as intersex or did not disclose this information. The proportions of female practitioners vary across the CJS organisations (Figure 9.01)[footnote 121]. Between 2015 and 2019, female children saw the largest decline, a decrease of 35% in prosecutions, compared to a 29% decrease for male children that were prosecuted over the same period. , Only two sentence length categories have been used for analysis of the MoJ-DfE data due to small volumes when the data is broken down. This proportion was slightly less for females (83%), than for males (85%). Females had a higher average number of reoffences per reoffender compared to males, at 4.33 and 3.99, respectively. Supplementary Excel (in an Open .ods format) tables accompany the chapters, providing additional data where the figures have not previously been published (or not published in that form). These proportions have remained stable for the last 5 years. TV licence evasion was the most common offence for which females were convicted in 2019. Of all female prosecutions, 56% were brought forward by a prosecuting authority other than the police, compared to 23% for male defendants. The purpose of this study was to further our understanding of what child custody evaluators and This chapter explores outcomes for defendants in the Criminal Justice System (CJS) predominantly drawing on data from the Criminal Justice Statistics quarterly: December 2019 publication. Therefore, to ensure comparability with previous years, these police forces are excluded from arrests analyses. In 2019, male children had an ACSL of 19.1 months and female children had an ACSL of 19.0 months. You have rejected additional cookies. , From April 2017, the upper age limit for the self-completion module was increased to ask all respondents aged 16 to 74. Other defendants such as companies and public bodies are also excluded. This is reflected in the higher proportion of females remanded in custody who were sentenced to immediate custody at magistrates court, 17% in 2019 compared to 13% for males. Over the last 5 years, these proportions have been gradually increasing. In homicides with victims under the age of 16, where the principal suspect was identified, 31% of suspects were the parent (males: 21%; females: 42%). The indictable offence groups with the highest proportion of females prosecuted were fraud offences (33% female) and theft offences (21% female), while the groups with the highest proportion of males prosecuted were sexual offences (98% male) and possession of weapons (93% male). Youth custody report for April 2015 published. The custody rate ranged between 20% and 23% across all female ethnic groups. Offenders with 15 or more previous cautions or convictions. (Michon, 2021) . The proportion of females experiencing domestic abuse in 2019/20 was 7.3%, double that of males (3.6%). All data refers to this age group throughout the section, unless stated otherwise. , Where sex is known. This file may not be suitable for users of assistive technology. As with crime lower, there has been a decreasing trend in the volume of crown court legal aid. The largest percentage difference is for drug offences which have a median offence to completion that is 47% higher (49 days) for females in comparison to males. We use some essential cookies to make this website work. , Details can be found in the Technical Guide published alongside this report. Twenty-nine percent of fathers see their children, 1-4 times a month. Youth custody report for September 2016 published. Violent crime was most prevalent in the 16-24 age group (Figure 3.02). Figure 7.05: Proportion of children in the Criminal Justice System, by sex, England and Wales, 2019. To meet these commitments, all of our statistical publications will: Ensure that the need for major revisions for any series are pre-announced on the Ministry of Justice website. These reports may include a full risk assessment of the offender. The national divorce rate is 7.6 per 1,000 couples in 2022. Throughout this report we refer to sex rather than gender, because the binary classification better reflects how individuals are generally reported or managed through the CJS. Between 2015 and 2019 the median time from offence to charge increased for both females and males to varying degrees, up 10% and 33% respectively. , Data are from the most recently published Homicide in England and Wales, 2018/19. Females reported that it was harder for family and friend to visit them in prison (this may be due to there being fewer female prisons so the average distance from home is greater). Figure 8.03: Indictable offences with the highest proportion of female convictions, England and Wales, 2019. , Out of court disposals available to the police and CPS in 2019 included: simple and conditional cautions; cannabis and khat warnings; penalty notices for disorder (PNDs); and community resolutions. In 2019, 15% of males and 17% females elected to be tried at the Crown Court. Figure 4.05: Number of cautions issued, by sex, 2015 to 2019. As discussed in Chapter 5: Defendants, in 2019, 26% of individuals[footnote 113] prosecuted in England and Wales were female[footnote 114]. Youth custody report November 2017 and youth custody data for November 2017 published. There were 5.4 million custodial parents who were supposed to receive child support in 2017, 1.2 million of which (22.2%) had family incomes below the poverty threshold. Documents fulfilling this requirement have been published since 1992, in the form of statistical information. In 2019, the proportion of children prosecuted for indictable offences that were females was 10%. those who deal with civil, family law and criminal cases. For each age range from 21 and over, males consistently had a larger number of prosecutions (approximately three times more). Offenders with 1 to 14 previous cautions or convictions accounted for 51% of all offenders in 2019, 86% were male, compared to 14% who were female. GillespieShields. The statistics reported in this bulletin are primarily National Statistics[footnote 1], as drawn from either other published National Statistics bulletins or the data underpinning them. Until the statistics tell us that more than 4 percent of divorced fathers are seeking custody through the Family Court system, there are few men who have such experience and proof of a true "gender bias." This was much higher than the proportion of all year 11 pupils who had SEN without a statement (including both offenders and non-offenders) in 2013/14[footnote 108] (13% for young females and 18% for young males) and 2014/15[footnote 109] (10% for both young females and 14% for young males). , The data in this section relates to persons remanded in each completed court case rather than to the number of remand decisions (a person may be remanded several times during a case). It should be noted that because children comprise less than 10% of all offenders prosecuted for an indictable offence (where sex and age of the defendant is known), trends should be interpreted with caution. , Source: GCSE and equivalent results: 2013 to 2014 (revised) National tables: Table 3a: GCSE and equivalent entries and achievements of pupils at the end of key stage 4 by type of school and gender. Significantly more females were victim to theft from the person, than males. Compared to male offenders, a larger proportion of females were given suspended sentences. To allow for variable changes in headcount throughout the period considered, the sexes are best considered in terms of proportions of staff rather than absolute numbers. In 2019, the most common sentence for this offence was a fine, received by 87% of females sentenced and 90% of males. This may result in a single offender being included in the annual cohort more than once. There is a glossary that explains the definition of each disposal in the technical guide, along with a summary of the data share. The given number currently represents about . Annual figures are then produced by aggregating the four 3-monthly cohorts within each given year. News stories, speeches, letters and notices, Reports, analysis and official statistics, Data, Freedom of Information releases and corporate reports. In the most recent year, females had a higher average number of reoffences per reoffender (also known as the frequency rate) compared to males, at 4.33 and 3.99, respectively. The overall child conviction ratio for indictable offences remained broadly stable since 2015, at 70%. In general, females appear to be substantially underrepresented throughout the CJS compared with males. For more information and statistics on criminal court timeliness please refer to the Criminal Court Statistics (quarterly): January to March 2020 bulletin. Figure 5.03: Number of defendants proceeded against at magistrates courts, by offence type and sex, 2015 to 2019. Reported in the Judicial Diversity Statistics 2019 publication. Youth justice custody report - August 2014 published. For example, 83% of mothers receive custody of their children in divorces. , National liaison and diversion services offence groups are based on those used by the Home Office and are not directly comparable to those used in Criminal Justice Statistics quarterly: December 2019, which are used throughout the majority of this bulletin. The figure was higher for custodial fathers at 54.6%. An oral report is usually completed within 24 hours of conviction where a limited amount of information is required by the sentencing court. The proportion of young females who had been permanently excluded and sentenced to a fine was 9%, compared to 15% for young males, a 6 percentage point difference. There is no published data available on Fixed Penalty Notices by sex. All official statistics should comply with all aspects of the Code of Practice for Statistics. The largest difference between genders in proportions of persistent absence was seen for those who were dealt with by a community penalty. In the Crown Court, 90% of crime higher legal aid work related to male clients. Instances of self-harm per individual was over twice as high for females at 9.3, compared to 4.4 for males. In 2019/20, 2.6% of all children were victims of violent crime. , Defendants with unknown age and sex are excluded. Other defendants such as companies and public bodies are also excluded. Figure 4.02: Proportion of arrests within each offence group, by sex, 2019/20, Detentions under section 136 of the Mental Health Act (1983)[footnote 25]. Figure 5.11: Proportion of offenders sentenced for indictable offences, by sentencing outcome and sex, 2019, Sentence lengths and average custodial sentence length (ACSL). , This section looks at persons only and excludes those where sex is not stated. The proportion of ineffective and cracked trials was higher for females (20% and 37%) than males (16% and 33%) in 2019. A BBC report suggested that in 2011 men accounted for just 8% of the UK's single parents. Further information on other strands of defendants prosecuted for domestic abuse, rape and child abuse can be found in the CPS Quarterly Data Summaries Quarter 4 2019/20[footnote 6]. , Department of Work and Pensions benefits statistics. The report includes demographic and income data about custodial parents, and details child support income for custodial parents living below the poverty level. , Figures refers only to those with known ethnicity; for this group, ethnicity coverage was 72% in 2019. Source: GCSE and equivalent results in England: 2014 to 2015 (revised) Characteristics national tables: Table CH1: GCSE and equivalent entries and achievements of pupils and the end of key stage 4 by pupil characteristics. 41% of females received a suspended sentence for this offence, compared with 20% of males. The indictable offences for which the highest numbers of female offenders were sentenced in 2019 were: Theft from shops (9600 were sentenced, 3% of all sentences given to female offenders in 2019); Assault of an emergency worker (2700 sentenced); Fraud by false representation: cheque, plastic card and online bank accounts (940 sentenced); Possession of a Class A drug (870 sentenced); and.
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