Contribute to chinapedia/wikipedia.en development by creating an account on GitHub. Eratosthenes made several important contributions to mathematics and science, and was a friend of Archimedes, the great mathematician. On oceanography he was considered an . Islandwide Breakfast Delivery, He studied in Athens at the Lyceum. Christopher Columbus was one of those who studied the work of Eratosthenes. He created one of the earliest maps of the known world between 276-195 BC, but his greatest contribution was the concept of latitude and longitude. Eratosthenes measured Earths circumference mathematically using two surface points to make the calculation. Sieve of Eratosthenes: algorithm steps for primes below 121 (including optimization of starting from the prime's square). He could then use simple proportions to find the Earths circumference 7.2 degrees is 1/50 of 360 degrees, so 800 times 50 equals 40,000 kilometers. The word geography may have been coined by Eratosthenes. The [] Lived c. 276 BC - c. 194 BC. Contributions of Greeks in the field of Physical Geography: The Greeks made remarkable development in the field of physical geography. In addition, he calculated approximate distances between them. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). He extended the habitable world from Thule to Taprabone (Sri Lanka) and from the Atlantic Ocean to the Bay of Bengal. Arab and Muslim Contribution to Geography To begin with, most Muslim geographers such as Al- Arsinoe (a biography of Queen Arsinoe, wife and sister of Ptolemy IV). (40,000 miles). "Ptolemy's System of Seven Climata and Eratosthenes' Geography". Eratosthenes was a Greek scientist who lived from 276 to 194 B.C. One of the main contributions of Eratosthenes to science and astronomy was his important work regarding They helped find new colonies, explored some of North America and were great navigators. The city of Cyrene had spent an independent period from Egypt until the marriage between Ptolemy III and Berenice, the daughter of Magas, governor of that city. He accepted the three continents (Europe, Asia, and Libya) and five climatic zones (one torrid zone, two temperate zones, and two frigid zones), [2] The term geography was first coined by Eratosthenese. Losing the ability to read and to observe nature plagued and depressed him, leading him to voluntarily starve himself to death. The measurement of the Sun-Earth distance, now called the astronomical unit (804,000,000 stadia, 1 stadion varies from 157 to 209 meter). Eratosthenes' method of measuring Earth's circumference, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Eratosthenes, Famous Scientists - Biography of Eratosthenes, Ancient History Encyclopedia - Biography of Eratosthenes, Eratosthenes - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Eratosthenes contributions to Mathematics are very notable and well known. To calculate the circumference of the earth Eratosthenes used a method that has been used until our time, this consists of measuring a meridian. The geometry of the situation is sketched at the right. The Greeks not only extended the horizon of geography from the Aegean Sea to Spain and Gaul, the Russian steppes in Central Asia, the Indus river in the east and Ethiopia in the south, but also put the subject on a sound footing by making remarkable contributions in the field of mathematical, physical, historical and regional geography. [9], The measurement of Earth's circumference is the most famous among the results obtained by Eratosthenes,[13] who estimated that the meridian has a length of 252,000 stadia (39,060 to 40,320 kilometres (24,270 to 25,050mi)), with an error on the real value between 2.4% and +0.8% (assuming a value for the stadion between 155 and 160 metres (509 and 525ft)). Earth was considered as the centre of the universe, around which revolved the seven planets. He studied at Plato's school in Athens. He believed that the Earth was the center of the Universe. Arab Contributions To Geography And Navigation posted on: Nov 4, 2015 The world's earliest geographical and navigational charts were developed by Canaanites who, probably simultaneously with the Egyptians, discovered the Atlantic Ocean. Cyrene, then a Greek city, is now the town of Shahhat in Libya. The circumference of the Earth was measured by Eratosthenes. It provides insights into economic, social, historic, culture, religious, political, and climate geography, plus oceanography, demographics, and more. The first spot has to go to the man who coined the term geography, Eratosthenes (c. 275-194 BC). He lived in Athens until Ptolemy Evergetes, the king of Egypt, commissioned Eratosthenes to run the Library of Alexandria, which became the most important center of knowledge in the region. He spent most of his life in the city of Alexandria in Egypt. Eratosthenes followed in the footsteps of other academics in his city and trained with Lysanias, an expert in grammar. 1. Eratosthenes contributions to Mathematics are very notable and well known. Contributions of Greeks in the field of Physical Geography: The Greeks made remarkable development in the field of physical geography. He concluded that the circumference of the earth was about 50 times greater than the distance from Alexandria to Aswan. These six geographers are noteworthy for their contribution to the science of geography. Eratosthenes was an ancient Greek astronomer, geographer, and mathematician. Definition. Uf Women's Studies Electives, In this book Eratosthenes denounced. The famous geographer and chief librarian at Alexandria Eratosthenes of Cyrene (c. 276 BCE - 194 BCE) also referenced Pytheas in a treatise that, like On the Ocean, has been lost but that was widely circulated in the ancient world. ISBN: 978-0-691-14267-8. Geographys History. He studied astronomy, geography, and math. Around 255 BCE, he invented the armillary sphere. Morris, Terry R. "Eratosthenes of Cyrene." Other things that Eratosthenes thought but did not turn out to be: the fact that the earth is a perfect sphere, that Alexandria is exactly north of Siena, and that the sun's rays are perfectly parallel. Geography is derived from the Greek words geo (the Earth in its broadest sense) and graphos (graphos (graphy), which means to write about. To write about the Earth in a literal sense. Eratosthenes introduced latitude and longitude. This method consisted of creating a table with natural numbers between 2 and the desired quantity. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. A) discovery of a trade route from Europe around the African continent to India B) the introduction of latitude and longitude lines on maps of the world C) a reasonably accurate calculation of the circumference of our planet GitHub export from English Wikipedia. Eratosthenes had a significant impact on science and mathematics. Each fragment is accompanied by an English translation, a summary, and commentary. There he was taught Stoicism by its founder, Zeno of Citium, in philosophical lectures on living a virtuous life. First maps showing water (river charts) 3800 B.C. Biography. If you ask any geographer to name a person who was responsible for the founding of their discipline, theyre likely to say, Ptolemy. Claudius Ptolemaeus lived in second-century Alexandria from 100 AD to 170 AD, writing the Geographike hyphegesis (c150), also known as the Geography. He believed that the celestial bodies revolved around the Earth. He made a catalog of 675 stars. He was appointed as the Librarian of the Library of Alexandria-the post of highest academic honour of that period. "Eratosthenes of Cyrene." He was a renowned mathematician, poet, geographer, astronomer, and music theorist. He used as a basis the ecliptic movement, that is, the movement of the sun observed by the apparent changes of the same from the earth. Shcheglov, D.A. The numbers from one to 400 are written in a table, with the numbers one to 20 across the top row. Why is Eratosthenes called the father of geography? He created one of the earliest maps of the known world between 276-195 BC, but his greatest contribution was the concept of latitude and longitude. At that time he also wrote Peri agathn kai kakn, a text that was lost. Phoenicians (from what is now Syria and Lebanon) navigated and traded around Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean, Red Sea, and Africa; 2000BC 2. [6] He wrote Chronographies, a text that scientifically depicted dates of importance, beginning with the Trojan War. In number theory, he introduced the sieve of Eratosthenes, an efficient method of identifying prime numbers. Oceanic area = 303x10^6km^2 (59.4%) 11.5% of Earth is continent below sea level. establishing a center of the study of marine science and navigation on Portugal What did Eratosthenes of Cyrene contribute to marine science and why is it important? Learn, revise and practice all the mocks questions related to the Oceanography with our simple and easy Flashcard quizzes How far from the correct value was Erathosthenes? Eratosthenes of Cyrene was a Greek polymath: a mathematician, geographer, poet, astronomer, and music theorist. It is used naval and aviation industries. a. Eratosthenes of Cyrene developed longitude and latitude. Then he continued: "And do not try to understand the intricate tasks of the Archytas cylinders or the triple cuts of the cone of Menechmus or what the curved figure of the divine Eudoxus describes in its lines, because in these tablets you will easily find thousands of means even starting from poor start . He sketched, quite accurately, the route of the Nile to Khartoum, showing the two Ethiopian tributaries. Business Opportunities (5) . in. Ptolemy was an astronomer and mathematician. Eratosthenes Contribution to Geography Eratosthenes (276-194 BC) Eratosthenes was a Greek mathematician, geographer, astronomer & poet. It allows scientists to pinpoint specific locations using a system of degrees. He greatly overestimated the West to East distance from the Westernmost part of Europe to the Eastern extremity of the ekumene (the habitable calculated the Earths circumference and invented the first lattitude/longitude system a system of imaginary lines on the Earth, used for navigation and mapping. Eratosthenes analyzed the observations with the assumption that the earth is a sphere and the sun is very far away. He remained the librarian for about 40 years till his death. Eratosthenes' "Geography". Now part of modern-day Libya, Cyrene had been founded by Greeks centuries earlier and became the capital of Pentapolis (North Africa), a country of five cities: Cyrene, Arsinoe, Berenice, Ptolemias, and Apollonia. His writings included a poem inspired by astronomy, as well as works on the theatre and on ethics. This work was highly esteemed for its accuracy. Despite his great contributions to science, his work was not replicated by many others, apparently because he did not get enough students to pass on his discoveries and theories. The two cities used were Alexandria and Syene (modern Aswan), and the distance between the cities was measured by professional bematists. They also were among the first people to use astronomical observations of the stars to help them navigate across the ocean. Later, the Greeks speculated on the idea that the earth was round. Systmone Remote Access, He lived and worked for most of his life in the city of Alexandria in Egypt. He became famous for being the first to calculate, with considerable precision, the circumference of the earth. Later he joined the Platonists as a pupil of Arcesilao.It was then that Eratosthenes created a work called Platonicus, in which, following Plato's method, he explored mathematical and cosmological issues. We do not know what he looked like. He returned to Cyrene and made such a name for himself in scholarly endeavors that the Greek ruler of Egypt brought him to Alexandria to tutor his son. Eratosthenes is most famous for making the first accurate measurement of the circumference of the Earth. Due to the increased risk of food poisoning, eating this popular, Petra was ecstatic over Jane and Rafaels happy ending during the series finale, fearing that she would never find love again. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. [20] He placed grids of overlapping lines over the surface of the Earth. In the text, he described the inhabited earth and the people who lived there. to locate all prime numbers between two integers. Who is father of geography in India? Geography was defined by Hettner as the earths chorological science. Eratosthenes was an illustrious ancient Greek polymath who had expertise in mathematics, astronomy and geography. He visited Egypt and numerous places in South-West Asia, Greece, and the island in the Mediterranean Sea. Eratosthenes was the first person to use the word "geography" and other geographical terms that are still in use today, and his efforts to calculate the circumference of the Earth and the distance from the Earth to the Sun paved the way for our modern understanding of the cosmos. Eratosthenes may have been the first to use the word geography. Defending the theory that vision is due to a flow emanating from the eye, Ptolemy analyzed the reflection of light on flat and spherical mirrors, and its refraction when it crosses the surface between two transparent media. What is the contribution of Eratosthenes in geography? He has written works on geography, philosophy, history, astronomy, mathematics, and literary criticism. and more. Among the ancient Greek scholars Herodotus, Plato, Aristotle, Eratosthenes is the chief ones. Required fields are marked *. Arab and Muslim contribution to geography was not only confined to astronomical and mathematical geography, but rather covered a wide range of the branches of the discipline known at the present time. He used parallels and meridians to link together every place in the world. Calculated the Earth's circumference: 40,000 km (24,840 mi) More precise, modern measurement: 40,032 km (24,860 mi) Eratosthenes' most famous contribution to science was his calculation of the circumference of the Earth, which he completed while working on the second volume of his "Geography.". He drew the meridian through Alexandria, Syene, Rhodes and the mouth of Boresthenes (Dniester). He invented a system of longitude and latitude and made a map of the known world. The correct answer is to determine the Earths circumference. Name the major oceans and their main characteristics. Everything that pleases the Muses and kings you yourself gave to your son. salinity, waves, tides and winds. The Fourteenth Edition incorporates What Is Fast Acquisition Corp. . There is no distinction between the usages. OCEANOGRAPHY-Study of the Oceans Contributions of the ancients 1. Under Ptolemaic rule the economy prospered, based largely on the export of horses and silphium, a plant used for rich seasoning and medicine. Ptolemy is known for his three scholarly works: the Almagest which focused on astronomy and geometry, the Tetrabiblos which focused on astrology, and, most importantly, Geography which advanced geographic knowledge. Thales, the philosopher, is credited with laying the groundwork for geography research. Looked for continent - found New Zealand, Great barrier reef, numerous small islands 2, 1977. As a young man, Eratosthenes studied in Athens. Eratosthenes was called Beta (the second letter of the Greek alphabet) because he was never first, but he is more famous than his Alpha teachers because his discoveries are still used today. Eratosthenes of Cyrene (c. 276 BCE192 or 194 BCE) was an ancient Greek mathematician, poet, and astronomer who is known as the father of geography. Eratosthenes of Cyrene (/ r t s n i z /; Greek: [eratostns]; c. 276 BC - c. 195/194 BC) was a Greek polymath: a mathematician, geographer, poet, astronomer, and music theorist.He was a man of learning, becoming the chief librarian at the Library of Alexandria.His work is comparable to what is now known as the study of geography, and he . The important contribution to navigation made by Eratosthenes in the third century BC was __________. He worked in geography to try to figure out why the Nile river had such a regular flood pattern, and hypothesized that it was because of heavy rain upstream. [6] His devotees nicknamed him Pentathlos after the Olympians who were well rounded competitors, for he had proven himself to be knowledgeable in every area of learning. III. Unfortunately, other than a few scraps, little remains of Eratosthenes original work. ". He conceived the subcontinent of India to be of rhomboidal form and supposed the range of Imaus (Himalayas) which he said extended from west to east, to have made the boundary of India. Eratosthenes also studied under the poet and scholar Callimachus who had also been born in Cyrene. 2. Eratosthenes (276-195 BCE) was an ancient Greek Alexandrian scholar, native of Cyrene, who attained distinction in many fields including philosophy, mathematics, astronomy and history. Eratosthenes was born around 276 B.C., which is now Shahhat, Libya. Homers Iliad and The Odyssey were thought to be the first books on the subject. What did Eratosthenes study? He sketched, quite accurately, the route of the Nile to Khartoum, showing the two Ethiopian tributaries. So he studied there, and briefly in Athens as well. Eratosthenes died in Alexandria, approximately in 194 BC, when he was 82 years old. Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity. He described the geography of the world into two parts: (i) Europa, and (ii) Libya (Africa including Asia). It is thought that Eratosthenes may also have been a pupil of Callimachus. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. In the Library of Alexandria he had access to various travel books, which contained various items of information and representations of the world that needed to be pieced together in some organized format. Of the four people named as his students in Suda, three cannot be identified with certainty and were therefore hardly important scientists. Was nicknamed Beta by other Greeks of his time, in reference to the second letter of the alphabet. Term. He calculated the Earths circumference. [24], Eratosthenes was described by the Suda Lexicon as a (Pentathlos) which can be translated as "All-Rounder", for he was skilled in a variety of things: He was a true polymath. Posidonius wrote a bookThe Ocean. Cyrene was absorbed into the Ptolemaic monarchy of Egypt, which ruled from Alexandria, the cultural and commercial center of the Mediterranean. The Handy Geography Answer Book traces the history of geography from Eratosthenes and Alexander von Humboldt to latitude and longitude, and the latest advances in the Global Positioning System (GPS). [6] Eratosthenes was a man of many perspectives and investigated the art of poetry under Callimachus. During his time at the Library of Alexandria, Eratosthenes devised a calendar using his predictions about the, He was also very proud of his solution for. The prime meridian plotted by Ptolemy was used by the Arabs for the calculation of time and longitudes. Alexander the Great conquered Cyrene in 332 BC, and following his death in 323 BC, its rule was given to one of his generals, Ptolemy I Soter, the founder of the Ptolemaic Kingdom. The Greeks made tremendous advancements in the fields of geomorphology, climatology and oceanography. Eratosthenes' other contributions include: The Sieve of Eratosthenes as a way of finding prime numbers. His interest in Plato led him to write his very first work at a scholarly level, Platonikos, inquiring into the mathematical foundation of Plato's philosophies. 2. Eratosthenes who made observations at Syene (Aswan) and Alexandria calculated the circumference of the earth as 250,000 stadia (25,000 miles). He is regarded as the first scientific geographer who measured the length of the equator almost accurately (24860 miles) on sound principles with the help of gnomon. What are the most common nonsilicate, Your floor (length x width) can be used to calculate your square footage. On the basis of this Read about the life of Eratosthenes. Eratosthenes knew from readings he had taken in Alexandria that during the summer solstice in Siena, at noon the sun was just overhead. [23] Strabo says that Eratosthenes was wrong to claim that Alexander had disregarded the counsel of his advisers. In his work Geographika, Eratosthenes described and made maps of the known territories. [6], Eratosthenes made several important contributions to mathematics and science, and was a friend of Archimedes.
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