In this analysis, vaccine effectiveness was evaluated as 1 minus the odds ratio. The population of unvaccinated adults is determined by subtracting the number of adults who received any dose of vaccine, as previously defined, from the population. Individual and neighborhood factors associated with failure to vaccinate against influenza during pregnancy. The proportion of hospitalized adults who received booster or additional doses increased from 1.3% during the Delta-predominant period to 13.4% during the Omicron-predominant period (p<0.01)***; among these, 10.7% were long-term care facility residents and 69.5% had an immunosuppressive condition. Black adults accounted for 25.2% of all unvaccinated persons hospitalized during the Delta-predominant period; that proportion increased by 23%, to 31.0% during the Omicron-predominant period. J., Fireman. Abbreviation: COVID-NET = COVID-19Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network. Maternal vaccination was protective, but protection was lower during the Omicron period than during Delta. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. Still, even with a smaller percentage of people getting severely ill during the Omicron wave, a large number of cases over a short time can lead to a spike in people being hospitalized or admitted . CDC. These findings are consistent with the diminishing of pregnancy-derived antibodies in infants over time22. Sect. Receipt of one dose especially during the third trimester was also associated with a reduced risk of infants testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 during the first 6 months of life during the Delta dominant period. It is possible that this practice may have led to some misclassification of the outcome, and we were unable to assess whether this misclassification was differential between vaccinated and unvaccinated mothers. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. Vaccination status is not available for Iowa and cases from Iowa are excluded from analyses that examined vaccination status. 9-14 As of October 2022, 68% of the US population has completed primary series vaccination. Vaccinated patients during the Delta wave were 37% (over with two doses), while during the Omicron wave they were 57%. PLoS ONE 15, e0229279 (2020). Hospitalization rates during peak Omicron circulation (January 2022) among unvaccinated adults remained 12 times the rates among vaccinated adults who received booster or additional doses and four times the rates among adults who received a primary series, but no booster or additional dose. During the Delta dominant period, the crude incidences of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 during the first 2, 4, and 6 months of life were lower among infants whose mothers received at least two doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines during pregnancy (0.75, 1.43, and 1.56 infants per 100 person-years [PY], respectively) than those whose mothers were not vaccinated during pregnancy (5.47, 5.10, and 4.78 infants per 100 PYs, respectively). China informed the WHO about the case, which involves a 53-year-old woman, on Feb 24. We did not assess whether vaccines received before pregnancy or immediately after pregnancy were associated with a reduced risk of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 in infants. Additional limitations include the inability to estimate the effectiveness of vaccines received prior to pregnancy onset. To ensure stability and reliability of rates by vaccination status, data are presented beginning when 14 days have passed since at least 5% of the population of adults aged 18 years in the COVID-NET surveillance catchment area had received an additional or booster dose. The study was funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease grant # 1R01AI168373-01 to O.Z. The study did not adjust for maternal SARS-CoV-2 infections during pregnancy due to the inability of capturing home testing results. This activity was reviewed by CDC and conducted consistent with applicable federal law and CDC policy.. The results were published yesterday in JAMA Network Open. Internet Explorer). The funders played no direct role in the study. E. & Klein, N. P. Effectiveness of vaccination during pregnancy to prevent infant pertussis. By comparison, from two to 25 weeks after the second dose, protection against Omicron hospitalization was 64%, the UKHSA said. The report found that, during the omicron wave 6,743.5 per 100,000 unvaccinated people were contracting COVID-19 and 187.8 per 100,000 were hospitalized. Secondarily, we used a Test-Negative Design (TND), which is a case-control study, to compare the odds of vaccination among mothers of infants who tested positive vs. the odds of vaccination among mothers of infants who tested negative. Published by Elsevier Ltd. During the study period, home testing became more prevalent. U.S. regulators had authorized the Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine for children aged 5 to 11 years in October, prior to the Omicron surge. In King County, Wash., which includes Seattle, unvaccinated people were 13 times more likely to be hospitalized for coronavirus since December than people who were fully vaccinated. Overall, 63% of Americans are fully vaccinated. Our primary cohort analysis used calendar days as the underlying scale to ensure that we compared infants of vaccinated and unvaccinated mothers on the same calendar days because vaccination status during pregnancy and risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection varied over the study period. Finally, we conducted additional supplemental analyses to estimate VE among children whose mothers received at least one vaccine dose prior to pregnancy onset and at least one dose during pregnancy. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. Hospitalizations rates increased among all adults irrespective of vaccination status (unvaccinated, primary series only, or primary series plus a booster or additional dose). Google Scholar. The cumulative monthly age-adjusted hospitalization rate during January 2022 among unvaccinated adults (528.2) was 12 times the rates among those who had received a booster or additional dose (45.0) and four times the rates among adults who received a primary series, but no booster or additional dose (133.5). By clicking Sign up, you agree to receive marketing emails from Insider Health and Human Services. New federal data shows adults who received the updated shots cut their risk of being hospitalized with . SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination rates in pregnant women in Scotland, Effectiveness of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in pregnancy, Effectiveness of a third BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy: a national observational study in Israel, Covid-19 vaccination programme effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 related infections, hospital admissions and deaths in the Apulia region of Italy: a one-year retrospective cohort study, Post-vaccination outcomes in association with four COVID-19 vaccines in the Kingdom of Bahrain, Effectiveness and protection duration of Covid-19 vaccines and previous infection against any SARS-CoV-2 infection in young adults, The indirect effect of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccination on healthcare workers unvaccinated household members, SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy, Duration of mRNA vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 subvariants in Qatar, https://downloads.aap.org/AAP/PDF/AAP%20and%20CHA%20-%20Children%20and%20COVID-19%20State%20Data%20Report%209.29.22%20FINAL.pdf?_ga=2.255000394.335550773.1665001859-370326403.1636740765, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.09.059, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. CAS In the US, as of the end of September 2022, almost 15 million children ages <18 years have tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Structural changes in the brain may explain the persistent fatigue and neuropsychiatric complications tied to long COVID. Delta period: July 1, 2021December 18, 2021, reflects the time when Delta was the predominant circulating variant; Omicron period: December 19, 2021January 31, 2022, reflects the time when Omicron was the predominant circulating variant. Thank you for visiting nature.com. Clinical information was abstracted for 5,681 adults with COVID-19associated hospitalization during July 1, 2021January 31, 2022 (Table). N. Engl. All adults should stay up to date (1) with COVID-19 vaccination to reduce their risk for COVID-19associated hospitalization. During the Delta period, receipt of one dose during the third trimester reduced infants risk of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 by 74% (95% CI: 19, 92) during the first 6 months of life (Table3). Iowa does not provide data on vaccination status. These findings are consistent with estimates of booster effectiveness against symptomatic Omicron infection using healthcare ascertainment. J. Among the infants in the cohort, 19,418 (64.06%) of the mothers were unvaccinated during pregnancy, 1138 (3.75%) of the mothers received one dose of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine and 9755 (32.18%) received 2 doses during pregnancy (Table1). Experts say they. The increase in transmissibility of the Omicron variant might have amplified these risks for hospitalization, resulting in increased hospitalization rates among Black adults compared with White adults, irrespective of vaccination status. Late last year, as Omicron was spreading fast in the US, hospitalization rates per 100,000 rose sharply among unvaccinated adults, while rates in those who were fully vaccinated remained. Laurie M. Billing and Kenzie Teno report grants from the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists during the conduct of the study. A WHO spokesman says China informed the WHO about the case, which involves a 53-year-old woman, on Feb 24. Vaccination status (unvaccinated, receipt of a primary series only, or receipt of a primary series plus a booster or additional dose) was determined for individual hospitalized patients and for the catchment population using state immunization information systems data (2). No other exclusion criteria were applied. Percentages presented for demographic characteristics are weighted column percentages. N. Engl. This work was supported by grants from the UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) Medical Research Council (NMF, WH, SB, EV, ACG [Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis; MR/R015600/1], DDA, AMP [MC/UU/00002/11], and SRS [MC/UU/00002/10]); Medical Research Council UKRIDepartment of Health and Social Care National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) COVID-19 rapid response call (NMF, SB [MR/V038109/1], TN, AC, DDA, and AMP [MC/PC/19074]); the NIHR Health Protection Units in: Modelling and Health Economics (NMF, WH, SB, EV, AC, and ACG [NIHR200908]), Behavioural Science and Evaluation (AC and DDA), and Respiratory Infections (JLB); Wellcome Trust (SFunk and SA [210758/Z/18/Z]); philanthropic funding from Community Jameel (NMF, WH, SB, and EV); and the UKRI Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (SFlax [EP/V002910/2]). COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy: coverage and safety. During the Omicron dominant period, receipt of 2 doses during pregnancy reduced the risk of the infant testing SARS-CoV-2 positive by 21% (95% CI: 21, 48) during the first 2 months of life, 14% (95% CI: 8, 32) during the first 4 months of life, and 13% (95% CI: 3, 26) during the first 6 months of life (Table2). We used two different study designs: a primary design using a cohort analysis in which infants of vaccinated pregnant persons were compared with infants of unvaccinated pregnant persons. Relative to the Delta-predominant period, a larger proportion of hospitalized Black adults were unvaccinated. Morb. Slider with three articles shown per slide. N. Engl. Effectiveness of Covid-19 vaccines in ambulatory and inpatient care settings. RESP-NET: COVID-19 Associated Hospitalization Rates among Adults Ages 65 Years and Older CDC's Respiratory Virus Hospitalization Surveillance Network (RESP-NET) shows that overall weekly rates of COVID-19-associated hospitalizations have declined for all age groups from a peak in December 2022. Thus, this design better adjusts for healthcare-seeking behavior31,32, but it may also introduce other biases including selection bias33. Table 2. and B.F. P.R. Ferdinands, J. M. et al. Among all adults, relative to the Delta-predominant period, COVID-19related illness was the primary reason for admission for a smaller percentage of hospitalizations (87.5% versus 95.5%, p<0.01), and median length of stay was shorter (4 versus 5 days, p<0.01) during the Omicron-predominant period; during this period, the proportion of patients admitted to an intensive care unit, who received invasive mechanical ventilation, and who died in-hospital decreased significantly (all p<0.01). Among these infants, for our main analysis, we excluded 21,891 (35.2%) based on maternal exclusion criteria and 10,412 (16.8%) after applying infant exclusion criteria (Fig. Iowa does not provide data on vaccination status. Durability of anti-spike antibodies in infants after maternal COVID-19 vaccination or natural infection. The University of Minnesota is an equal opportunity educator and employer, Office of the Vice President for Research | Contact U of M | Privacy Policy, Mary Van Beusekom | News Writer | CIDRAP News, Two recent papers claim there are no differences between surgical masks and respirators for preventing the spread of respiratory diseases like COVID-19 and flu, but the articles. Data about boosters was only available for those over 50. Aircraft wastewater surveillance could be used with traveler-based surveillance to provide an early warning system for COVID-19 and other pathogens. Adults who received booster doses were classified as those who completed the primary series and received an additional or booster dose on or after August 13, 2021, at any time after completion of the primary series, and 14 days before a positive test result for SARS-CoV-2, because COVID-19associated hospitalizations are a lagging indicator and time passed after receipt of a booster dose has been shown to be associated with reduced rates of COVID-19 infection (https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2114255). What are the implications for public health practice? Buchan, S. A. et al. Hospitalization rates and characteristics of children aged <18 years hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1-July 25, 2020. https://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.08.27.21262356v1. Weekly COVID-19-associated hospitalization rates among U.S. infants and children aged 0-4 years have declined since the peak of January 8, 2022; however, peak rates during Omicron predominance were approximately five times those of the peak during Delta predominance. We ran separate models on the time periods associated with the Delta (7/01/2021 to 12/20/2021) and Omicron variants (12/21/2021 to 5/31/2022). And in a second large study during the Omicron period, older people, men, and residents of nursing homes or in low-income areas were most at risk for post-booster COVID-19 death in England, but the risk was very low. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. The study setting was Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC), an integrated healthcare delivery organization that provides comprehensive healthcare to ~4.4 million members as of 2019. Zerbo, O. et al. 241(d); 5 U.S.C. Klein, N. P. et al. Using previously described methods (3), investigators collected clinical data on a representative sample of adult patients (7.9%) hospitalized during July 1, 2021January 31, 2022, stratified by age and COVID-NET site. * Adults who completed a primary vaccination series were defined as those who had received the second dose of a 2-dose primary vaccination series or a single dose of a 1-dose product 14 days before a positive SARS-CoV-2 test associated with their hospitalization but received no booster dose. The remaining authors declare no competing interests. 387, 227236 (2022). Use of trade names and commercial sources is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of In this analysis, we estimated the odds ratio (OR) of vaccination of mothers of infants who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 versus infants who tested negative using logistic regression models conditioned (stratified) on the calendar date of the test so that infants testing positive on a certain day were compared to infants testing negative on that same day. During the Omicron period, among children whose mothers received 1 dose before pregnancy and 1 dose during pregnancy, VE against infection was 46% (95% CI: 23, 77) during the first 2 months of life, 16% (95% CI: 28, 50) during the first 4 months of life and 3% (95% CI: 32, 36) during the first 6 months of life compared with children whose mothers were unvaccinated (Supplemental Table4). Maternal vaccination and risk of hospitalization for Covid-19 among infants. Mortal. Initial hospital data from England and Denmark also suggest Omicron cases are less severe. of Omicron-infected patients with a high rate of vaccination in China. Google Scholar. Wkly. NMF, MC, GD, DDA, AMP, and ST handled project administration. Mortal. J. Epidemiol. Morb. N. Engl. We thank staff at UKHSA and members of the UK Government SPI-M committee and the UKHSA Variant Technical Group for valuable discussions. Effectiveness of COVID-19 Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination in preventing COVID-19-associated emergency department and urgent care encounters and hospitalizations among nonimmunocompromised children and adolescents aged 5-17 yearsVISION Network, 10 states, April 2021-January 2022. We observed a similar pattern in vaccine effectiveness by trimester during the Omicron dominant period, however, estimates of vaccine effectiveness by trimester were imprecise and much lower than during the Delta period (Table3). Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. J. Med. 1). During the first 6 months of life, 940 (3.10%) infants tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test and 10 (0.03%) infants were hospitalized with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test. Sect. This is a relevant consideration because vaccines can be less effective in persons with a weakened immune system. Fully-vaccinated in this chart meant one dose of the J&J vaccine or two doses of Pfizer or Moderna. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Two new observational studies suggest that COVID-19 vaccination lowers long-COVID incidence and severity. This conversion might result in character translation or format errors in the HTML version. It is not inevitable that viral evolution leads to lower severity. part 56; 42 U.S.C. Adults with no documented receipt of any COVID-19 vaccine dose before the test date were considered unvaccinated. as well as other partner offers and accept our. Vaccination status is based on state immunization information system data. Nursing home residents have been disproportionately affected by COVID-19; older age, comorbidities, and the congregate nature of nursing homes place residents at higher risk for infection and severe COVID-19-associated outcomes . Thompson, M. G. et al. Mortal. CAS This analysis describes weekly hospitalization rates during Delta- and Omicron-predominant periods. Two to 4 weeks after a booster dose, vaccine effectiveness ranged from around 65-75%, dropped to 55-70% at 5 to 9 weeks, and 40-50% from 10 weeks or more after a booster dose. SGN, HHW, NA, WH, MK, PB, AZ, JLB, MC, NAA, KH, RH, AC, GD, and ST curated the data. Ann Intern Med 2021;174:140919. Chi-square tests were used to compare differences between the Delta- and Omicron-predominant periods; p-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Risk was especially high for people with severe combined immunodeficiency (HR, 6.2). Relative to the Delta-predominant period, a significantly shorter median length of hospital stay was observed during the Omicron-predominant period and smaller proportions of hospitalizations with intensive care unit admission, receipt of invasive mechanical ventilation, or in-hospital death. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:134754. We conducted secondary sensitivity analyses restricting the population to infants who received at least one SARS-CoV-2 PCR test. T.R. Percentages presented were weighted to account for the probability of selection for sampled cases (3). Google Scholar. 226, 236 e1236.e14 (2022). Estimated effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against omicron or delta symptomatic infection and severe outcomes. Background: Risk stratification models have been developed to identify patients that are at a higher risk of COVID-19 infection and severe illness. J. During the Omicron-predominant period, peak hospitalization rates among non-Hispanic Black (Black) adults were nearly four times the rate of non-Hispanic White (White) adults and was the highest rate observed among any racial and ethnic group during the pandemic. Introduction: A rapid increase in COVID-19 cases due to the spread of the Delta and Omicron variants in vaccinated populations has raised concerns about the hospitalization risk associated with, and the effectiveness of, COVID-19 vaccines. The infection fatality rate from Covid-19 fell more than 10-fold from a little more than 1 per cent in January 2021 to 0.1 per cent in July as the UK's vaccination campaign was rolled out, and . Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study that was conducted in Israel's second-largest . https://doi.org . 3501 et seq. Starting the week ending December 4, 2021, Maryland data are not included in weekly rate calculations but are included in previous weeks. the date of publication. CDC graphs show in detail the protection vaccines gave from hospitalization. NMF, MC, GD, DDA, AMP, and ST supervised the work. Mountain lions, a bobcat, red foxes, black bears, and skunks represent the latest avian flu cases in mammals. Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. Article The aim of the secondary design was to compare the results of the cohort with TND. Includes current treatment or recent diagnosis of an immunosuppressive condition or use of an immunosuppressive therapy during the preceding 12 months. The proportion of hospitalized Black adults who received a primary COVID-19 vaccination series with or without a booster or additional dose increased from 4.7% and 14.9%, respectively, during the Delta-predominant period to 14.8% and 25.5%, respectively, during the Omicron-predominant period; Hispanic adults experienced smaller increases.
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